Global ambient freshwaters are in crisis (Albert et al., 2021; Salehi, 2022). Limited data available indicate that human activities are resulting in a decline in freshwater quality globally. Increasing nutrient inputs, contaminants from urbanization and industrial activities, and hydrological and morphological alteration are affecting the health and resilience of freshwater ecosystems and, directly or indirectly, the quantity and quality of water resources available for human use (Chapman and Sullivan, 2022).

The importance of protecting and restoring freshwater systems has been recognized in supranational ambitions, such as those encompassed by Sustainable Development Goal 6 (Herrera, 2019) and by the United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) at its third session in December 2017 when it adopted Resolution 3/10 “Addressing water pollution to protect and restore water-related ecosystems” (UNEP/EA.3/Res.10). These ambitions seek to reverse negative trends by improving the global coverage of freshwater monitored, and provide an impetus to fund increased monitoring, reporting and preserving, improving or restoring ambient water quality. In many cases, technical solutions to reverse declines in water quality are available, such as wastewater treatment infrastructures. Similarly, in Europe, policy instruments to improve water quality have been in place for some decades already (Carvalho et al., 2019). However, water quality can be regarded as a “wicked problem,” where the pathway to drive real change does not easily emerge from the complex mix of factors that influence outcomes. In several European countries, for example, targets for water quality have still not been satisfactorily achieved, and, declines in water quality have not necessarily been mitigated (Markert et al., 2024), or known factors for poor water quality fully addressed (Harrison et al., 2019). In the face of immensely growing stakes for humanity (Richardson et al., 2023), people and organizations facing environmental challenges, such as those in water quality monitoring, have realized the limits of solely relying on experts, especially in the multilateral system. Indeed, while experts have unprecedented skills to analyze problems in great details, their capacity to develop radical solutions is uncertain (Jansson and Smith, 1991; Bilalić et al., 2008).

There have been increasingly vocal calls to accelerate innovation toward developing radical solutions to safeguard or restore the environment (Pahl-Wostl, 2008) in addressing water quality issues across many factors influencing outcomes. This approach appears especially relevant in monitoring and assessment of water bodies (Jiang et al., 2020), in water governance, policy schemes (Berthet et al., 2021), enforcement, citizen engagement (Song, 2023), driving tangible action based on available data, integration of different data sources, or efficient and effective decision making. Innovations that make tangible progress toward addressing water quality must consider the multifaceted, cross-disciplinary nature of the issues involved, and present solutions that are sustainable, locally applicable, viable, and scalable. These solutions often leverage integration of new or improved components of existing modular systems, without disrupting organizations and institutions (Henderson, 2021). Identifying concrete solutions for the most promising innovations requires multiple perspectives (Hong and Page, 2004), which is the hallmark of collective intelligence (Malone and Bernstein, 2022).

Collective intelligence is the synergy of shared knowledge and skills among a group collaborating toward a common objective or problem-solving. By combining diverse perspectives, stemming from expertise, experiences and cultural backgrounds, groups can innovate and make better decisions compared to isolated individuals. Collective intelligence has been widely used in business, technology, and social sciences to leverage the benefits of teamwork and collective decision-making processes (Malone, 2018). Harnessing the power of collective intelligence not only enhances problem-solving capabilities but fosters creativity and a sense of unity among team members, leading to more effective outcomes and solutions. Importantly, collective intelligence works largely because people resort to non-verbal social interaction cues (Woolley et al., 2010) as a form of mind theory (Leslie et al., 2004). This is enhanced when participants gather in special spaces where unconventional ideas can flourish (Lifshitz-Assaf et al., 2021), when a safe “play-and-work” environment is provided, when participants have equal standing regardless of their role, and their intrinsic motivation is propelled by a clear sense of purpose (Miendlarzewska et al., 2021). The time-bound nature of a hackathon fosters a sense of urgency (Orlikowski and Yates, 2002), compelling participants to quickly sift through and refine ideas. This method ensures that solutions are grounded in local realities and can be implemented effectively at the community level (Trainer et al., 2014).

This approach is particularly conducive to citizen-led initiatives, as it encourages the participation of non-expert individuals with first-hand experience and knowledge of local water management issues (Gray et al., 2020).

Here, we consider how collective intelligence was implemented in the form of a hackathon workshop to renew the problem-solving processes, by fostering bi-directional interactions between International Organizations (IOs) and diverse experts and stakeholders (“collaborators” in this paper) through grassroots action groups active in water quality monitoring and assessment around the world. Building on insights learned from the Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment hackathon workshop organized by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR), and the European Commission's Joint Research Center (EC-JRC), in September 2023, with a novel approach to science policy through collective intelligence. Our approach carefully reconciles the top-down and bottom-up constraints and advantages of science policy for concrete radical solutions. Solutions are implemented smoothly, while enhancing trust between IOs and “collaborators,” as recommended by United Nations High-Level Advisory Board on Effective Multilateralism (HLAB), specifically regarding rebuilding trust in multilateralism (HLAB, 2024). This suggests IO's re-think how people shape their collective sustainable future. We describe how five IOs fundamentally challenged the usual multilateral processes involved in supporting “collaborators.” By providing a novel framework, these “collaborators” co-created concrete solutions in a short period of time. This perspective article describes the paradigm shift in hackathons with potential to bring trust and unforeseen efficiency gains for IOs in delivering impact to beneficiaries.

In March 2022, WMO, UNEP, UNESCO, the WHO and the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) jointly launched a Workshop Series on Water Quality Monitoring hosted under the banner of the World Water Quality Alliance (WWQA). This workshop series was designed to support countries in implementing global water quality guidance, foster innovative solutions for water quality monitoring and assessment, improve water quality data interoperability, and develop a common roadmap for strengthened cooperation on water quality across various institutions and data streams.

The Innovation Workshop on Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment, i.e. the hackathon, was part of this series with objectives to better understand operational challenges in water quality monitoring and assessment, and innovative solutions to address them.

Initially conceived by WMO and UNEP, the hackathon concept added UNESCO, EC-JRC and IAEA as collaborators in workshop planning and organization. Finally, the organizers engaged UNITAR to shape the innovative workshop format and facilitate.

The hackathon took place in a face-to-face format on 27–29th September 2023 at the EC-JRC site in Petten, the Netherlands. On-the-ground scheduling and organization took place in the following manner:

Sustained interaction amongst the challenge groups post-hackathon was essential, and feedback from participants to organizers was vital to the events success. Additionally, various outreach materials were produced and disseminated to publicize the workshop efforts and achievements via internet and social media, including a news release (WMO HydroHub, 2024).

To document the hackathon outcomes for posterity, some participants along with the workshop organizers decided collectively to produce manuscripts reporting results and reflecting on the unique hackathon approach, and one perspective article to report on how collective intelligence was used to advance innovative solutions to water quality challenges.

This workshop catalyzed co-creation of innovative and collaborative solutions in the field of water quality monitoring and assessment by driving cross-sectoral and interdisciplinary reflection among participants.

The primary expectations of the workshop organizers were to:

These expectations were fully achieved for most challenges, and it is important to highlight these achievements were the result of the hackathon approach described above, in which every step played an essential role toward delivering objectives.

The main technical outcomes of each workshop challenge are summarized in Table 1.

After the workshop, all the participants were invited to complete an anonymous survey. Figure 2 below shows survey results (n = 33).

Also, these three open-ended questions were answered by the workshop participants:

The elaborate and informative participant responses were analyzed in two steps. First, leveraging the analytical Python programming capabilities of ChatGPT, an initial aggregation of qualitative responses was performed, followed by a careful review and corrections by the authors of this article.

Our results show that diversity, collaboration, hands-on activities, networking, and cross-cultural learning had positive impact on fostering innovation and problem-solving. A diverse pool of participants, with diverse backgrounds and expertise, increased creativity and led to comprehensive solutions. Emphasis on equal participation created an inclusive environment which encouraged free idea sharing and collaboration. Hands-on activities, such as the hackathon format, effectively promoted active learning and rapid problem-solving. Networking among participants from different parts of the world enhanced connections and facilitated future collaboration. Further, low usage of electronic devices during the hackathon benefited participants' immersive and focused experience, and a cross-cultural focus enriched participants' understanding of global challenges. Collective intelligence, harnessed through teamwork and small group discussions, was crucial for brainstorming and identifying sustainable solutions.

Participants noted an overly packed schedule left little time for informal mingling. Also, the absence of interaction during Day 1 briefing sessions delayed relationship building within groups. It was also reported that the workshop duration was too short for deep discussions. Participants expressed a desire for more structured facilitation and guidance to help navigate sessions and tasks effectively using the novel hackathon approach. Overall, the workshop's success in driving innovation and learning highlighted the importance of diversity, active participation, and structured engagement, while also pointing out areas for improvement such as scheduling, activity variety, workshop duration, and facilitation. The results of this analysis coupled with the observations made during the workshop are summarized in the lessons learned and recommendations below (see Table 2).

The workshop aimed to address global water quality challenges through an integrated, collaborative approach. Its primary goal was to efficiently tackle specific water-related issues while incorporating diverse stakeholder perspectives. This approach entailed finding a balance between efficiency, inclusivity, interdisciplinarity, and holistic solutions. The success of the workshop was largely due to its meticulously planned design, preparation, and follow-up, highlighting the significance of every detail in the organization process, to set up a safe space for co-creation in an environment that fostered commitment and innovation (Lifshitz-Assaf et al., 2021; Miendlarzewska et al., 2021). This was achieved through a comprehensive application process for both challenge organizers and participants, ensuring that those involved were dedicated and motivated. This preparatory stage was crucial in setting the tone for the workshop by enhancing engagement, optimizing learning, creating a sense of purpose and relevance for every participant.

One aim of the workshop was to build a sense of community between people from all corners of the world who would not know each other, yet are committed to water quality in their own way. This sense of community allowed three out of four concrete technical outcomes to be swiftly reported in manuscripts published in this special issue of Frontiers in Water. Further, several participants and organizers of the workshop expressed their keen interest in replicating and adapting the structure of the hackathon workshop for their own purpose: the workshop participants from the National Water and Sanitation Agency of Brazil (ANA) have applied the same workshop concept and format in their own agency by organizing a Water Bodies Classification Marathon in March 2024. This hackathon, which was attended by water quality management technicians from several Brazilian states, produced concrete and actionable outcomes.

The broader implications of this Innovation Workshop extend to stakeholders and IOs involved in water quality monitoring and assessment. It presents a novel model for addressing water quality challenges with bottom-up generated solutions, prompting interest from various organizations in adapting this hackathon design for their initiatives. The process demonstrated in the workshop holds potential for application in other areas of water resource management, suggesting a versatile and effective approach to collaborative problem-solving in environmental contexts.

In conclusion, our study underscores the effectiveness of hackathons as a strategic mechanism for fostering collaboration and leveraging collective intelligence to tackle real-world challenges such as water quality monitoring and assessment.

In sharing our perspectives and detailing our experiences, outcomes and lessons learned, we aim to provide guidance on how radical solutions for water quality can be generated through collective intelligence and inspire future initiatives which capitalize on collective intelligence to address societal issues.

By advocating for principles of creativity, collaboration, and cross-disciplinary cooperation, we anticipate carefully planned and curated hackathons will assume a pivotal role in driving forward progress and advocating for sustainable practices. This influence is anticipated to extend beyond the water sector and encompass a broader spectrum of environmental challenges confronting humanity.

In light of these conclusions, our aspiration is to promote wider adoption of collective intelligence methodologies, particularly within the sphere of sustainable development. Specifically, we suggest wider integration of hackathons into IO activities. We anticipate such inclusive events hold significant potential to enhance trust, mutual understanding, visibility, and operational efficiency of IOs which are increasingly compelled to innovate radically (Ambos and Tatarinov, 2022) to remain relevant in a rapidly changing world.

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.

Ethical approval was not required for the study involving humans in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. Written informed consent to participate in this study was not required from the participants or the participants' legal guardians/next of kin in accordance with the national legislation and the institutional requirements.

IC: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Project administration, Supervision. ME: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. TM: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. CC: Writing – review & editing. ST: Writing – review & editing. BG: Writing – review & editing. YV: Writing – review & editing. AA: Writing – review & editing. CD: Writing – review & editing. SW: Writing – review & editing. MN: Writing – review & editing. WM: Writing – review & editing. KC: Writing – review & editing. TA: Writing – review & editing. AS: Writing – review & editing. TS: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing.