AUTHOR=Rizzi Maddalena , D’Annunzio Giulia , Tugnoli Chiara , Sarli Giuseppe , Muscatello Luisa Vera 

TITLE=The immune microenvironment in tumors: focus on canine and feline spontaneous neoplasms

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Veterinary Science

VOLUME=Volume 12 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/veterinary-science/articles/10.3389/fvets.2025.1674694

DOI=10.3389/fvets.2025.1674694

ISSN=2297-1769

ABSTRACT=Companion animals develop spontaneous tumors with biological and immunological features closely resembling human cancers. The tumor microenvironment (TME), particularly its immune infiltrates, plays a pivotal role in tumor progression and immune evasion. This review summarizes current knowledge on the composition and function of immune cells (including T cells, B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, and mast cells) in the TME of canine and feline tumors. A better understanding of these mechanisms may aid in identifying prognostic biomarkers and novel immunotherapeutic targets in both veterinary and human oncology.