Tick-borne diseases, such as zoonotic and veterinary diseases, represent a serious threat to human and/or animal health (1, 2). Globally, Canis familiaris (domestic dog) is raised as a pet and shares the household environment with humans; they serve as a host for infected ticks that can be carried into the household environment (3). These ticks may represent a threat to health, especially to children, elder individuals, and immunocompromised individuals (4). Since dogs can be considered as “sentinels” for monitoring the risk of disease affecting humans in an endemic area, the investigation of neglected zoonotic pathogens in pet dogs and the vectors that transmit pathogens is important in the prevention and control of zoonotic diseases (5–7).

Many members of the genus Brucella and certain members of the order Rickettsiales (Rickettsia, Anaplasma, and Ehrlichia) are important zoonotic and veterinary pathogens, causing brucellosis, rickettsiosis, anaplasmosis, and ehrlichiosis, which are considered as re-emerging tick-borne diseases worldwide (2, 8, 9). In the past 30 years, at least 13 emerging tick-borne pathogens that infect humans have been identified in the order Rickettsiales and found to be present in mainland China. Among these species, the most important species Rickettsia sibirica, Rickettsia conorii, Rickettsia massiliae, Candidatus R. tarasevichiae, Rickettsia raoultii, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum have been confirmed as the causative agents of human rickettsiosis, human monocytic ehrlichiosis, and human granulocytic anaplasmosis (2, 10–14). Other species prevalent in ticks and dogs included Anaplasma bovis, Anaplasma platys, Anaplasma ovis, Ehrlichia canis, Ehrlichia ewingii, and Rickettsia felis (15–17). Brucella spp. can be classically transmitted to humans via inhalation of aerosolized bacteria or via ingestion of, or contact with, contaminated tissues or derived products (18, 19). Considering livestock, brucellosis infection relates to direct contact with infected animals through the exchange of body fluids and via mating (8). The Brucella genus contains 12 valid species, among which Brucellas melitensis, Brucella abortus, B. canis, Brucella suis, and B. ovis have emerged in China and can infect livestock, wildlife, and humans and are transmitted by ticks and their offspring (8, 20, 21).

Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR) is the largest province in China, which hosts a wide range of natural-focal diseases, among which brucellosis is the most common tick-borne disease of livestock (22); additionally, emerging tick-borne zoonoses caused by R. raoultii, E. chaffeensis, and A. phagocytophilum have been reported from sheep (23, 24). The Junggar Basin is located between the Altay Mountain and Tian Shan Mountain in XUAR and is the second-largest inland basin in China. Currently, tick-borne infections in pets in the Junggar Basin have not been studied. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of several tick-borne pathogenic bacteria, particularly Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, and Brucella, in pet dogs and their ticks in Junggar Basin, XUAR, north-western China.

All ticks (186 male ticks and 250 female ticks) were identified as Rhipicephalus turanicus sensu stricto (s.s.) based on their morphology. The sequencing data based on BLAST analyses for 12S rRNA and COI of ticks confirmed the morphological identification. Morphological analyses are shown in Supplementary Figure S1, and phylogenetic analyses are shown in Figure 1 and Supplementary Figure S2. The obtained sequences of Rh. turanicus s.s. have been deposited in the GenBank database (12S rRNA: MW067832 and MW995983; COI: MW065551 and MZ026893).

Seven tick-borne pathogenic bacteria were detected in the ticks, out of which Brucella spp. were the most prevalent pathogens with a detection rate of 16.74%, followed by E. chaffeensis (8.26%), R. massiliae (6.42%), A. phagocytophilum (5.05%), Candidatus R. barbariae (4.13%), R. sibirica (3.21%), and A. ovis (0.92%; Table 1). Among them, 18 ticks were co-infected (17 ticks were co-infected with two pathogens and 1 tick was co-infected with three pathogens; Table 2). Meanwhile, we found that 5 tick-borne pathogens were detected in 178 blood samples; among them, Brucella spp. was most prevalent with a detection rate of 16.29%, followed by E. chaffeensis (5.62%), A. phagocytophilum (4.49%), Candidatus R. barbariae (1.69%), and R. massiliae (1.12%; Table 1). Moreover, E. chaffeensis and Brucella spp. were simultaneously detected in 1 blood sample. The overall detection rate of tick-borne pathogenic bacteria in ticks was significantly higher than that in blood samples of pet dogs (p < 0.0001). All ticks and blood samples were screened for the presence of E. canis; however, none of the samples was infected with this bacterium.

Among all the positive ticks and blood samples, Anaplasma spp. and Brucella spp. showed 99.23–100% and 99.6–100% identity to the corresponding sequence of Anaplasma sp. BL102-7 (KJ410249) from XUAR, China and Brucella sp. YC31 (MK201679) from XUAR, China, respectively. Ehrlichia spp. showed 99.64–99.65% identity to the corresponding sequence of Ehrlichia sp. QYP9 (KY630175) from Anhui Province, China and Ehrlichia sp. XJ-Eh1 (MF098393) from XUAR, China. A. phagocytophilum and E. chaffeensis showed 99.84% and 99.23–100% identity to the corresponding sequence of A. phagocytophilum (KJ782386) from XUAR, China and E. chaffeensis (MN368552) from Egypt respectively. The msp4 sequences (MW802667) showed 100% identity to the msp4 sequence of A. ovis (MN198191) from China. In addition, based on gltA gene and ompB gene, the sequences of R. massiliae, Candidatus R. barbariae, and R. sibirica achieved 99.83–100, 99.76–100, and 99.38–100% similarities with the corresponding sequences of available in GenBank, respectively. The GenBank accession numbers are shown in Supplementary Table S1.

Tick-borne infections, especially zoonotic diseases, have been increasing in humans and pet dog cases (15). However, a few studies have analyzed pet dogs and their ticks in the Junggar Basin, north-western China. Herein, we detected Brucella DNA in pet dog-associated ticks in Junggar Basin. Moreover, we identified three Rickettsia species (R. massiliae, R. sibirica, and Candidatus R. barbariae), two Anaplasma species (A. phagocytophilum and A. ovis), and the Ehrlichia species E. chaffeensis from pet dogs and their Rh. turanicus s.s. ticks. The spread of these pathogens in the human household environment increases the range of vectors and reservoirs of tick-borne pathogens and provides a basis for assessing the risk of infection in humans.

The livestock industry is one of the main sources of its economic growth in XUAR (32). Almost every sheep farm likes to keep one dog for guarding their belongings (17). Most dogs live around the pasture and their owners, so it is a common phenomenon for these dogs to be bitten by ticks from livestock or to be parasitized by free-living ticks from pastures. Rh. turanicus is widely distributed in Central Asia, North Africa, and Europe and is the dominant tick species in XUAR (23, 33). Previous studies have reported that Rh. turanicus is parasitic in dogs and represents a risk for transmission of pathogens, such as Rickettsia, Anaplasma, and Ehrlichia in Israel, Italy, Greece, and Turkmenistan (34, 35), and serves as a bridge vector for humans (30). However, in all previous studies that infested pet dogs in XUAR, only Rh. sanguineus sensu lato has been reported, while Rh. turanicus s.s., the dominant tick species, has not been reported, it may be due to the following reasons: i) tick-borne diseases in pet dogs have not previously received much attention in XUAR and ii) it is possible that earlier misidentification that usually happens in Rh. sanguineus s.l. complex, so it might be found earlier but due to misidentification, it was reported as Rh. sanguineus; however, in fact, it was Rh. turanicus s.s. tick.

Anaplasma phagocytophilum and E. chaffeensis are considered as emerging pathogens of public health importance as they can infect humans; they are naturally maintained in tick-mammal cycles and have been detected in ticks, rodents, deer, domestic animals, and humans (36–40). A. phagocytophilum and E. chaffeensis have been previously detected in domestic animals and their Rh. turanicus s.s. ticks in XUAR (41). In this study, we detected these two pathogens in neglected pet dogs and their parasitic ticks. Phylogenetic relationships showed that A. phagocytophilum and E. chaffeensis detected from pet dogs and their ticks formed a cluster with strains detected from livestock in southern China or other counties/cities in XUAR (Figures 2A,B). Rh. turanicus s.s. is a three-host tick and is characterized by constant host changes during development (42); this suggests that there is a possibility of pathogen transmission from domestic animals to pet dogs via ticks.

Canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME), a pathogen caused by E. canis, has been found in dogs and ticks in North America, Europe, Asia, and Africa since it was first identified in Algeria in 1935 and is now spreading around the world (15, 43–45). One recent study in XUAR reported that the prevalence of E. canis in pet dogs was 12.12% (45), while another study did not detect Ehrlichia spp. in Rh. sanguineus s.l. from XUAR when detecting dogs for vector-borne agents in 10 provinces (46), which is consistent with the detected in this study. These differences in prevalence may be attributed to variations in techniques used, sources, and numbers of samples (34).

Anaplasma ovis has been identified in China and worldwide for many years since its first description (47, 48). A. ovis has been previously detected from ticks or blood samples from livestock and wild animals over ten counties in XUAR (22, 47, 49). In this study, A. ovis was only detected in Rh. turanicus s.s. obtained from pet dogs (Figure 2C), all blood samples of pet dogs were tested negative. However, based on a report that a strain isolated from a stray dog in Henan has been shown to be highly homologous to the A. ovis detected in a human in Cyprus (17), it suggests the possibility that ticks, dogs, and even humans can be infected with A. ovis. Therefore, individuals who have been in contact with animals infected with the pathogen or those caring for dogs may be at a risk.

At present, at least 19 validated spotted fever group (SFG) Rickettsia species have been detected in ticks in China (50). R. sibirica, R. massiliae, and Candidatus R. barbariae, which had previously been detected in Rh. turanicus s.s. ticks obtained from sheep in XUAR (23, 51), were found in the same tick species and/or blood samples obtained from pet dogs in this study (Figure 2D and Supplementary Figure S3). The detection rate of Rickettsia in the ticks obtained from pet dogs was lower than that in the ticks obtained from domestic in XUAR (22, 23). Additionally, the overall detection rate of Rickettsia infection in ticks (13.76%) was significantly higher than that in blood samples of pet dogs (2.81%). As SFG Rickettsia is endemic in north-western China, human rickettsiosis cases have been reported in the recent years in this area, the fact that the Rickettsia species were detected from pet dogs in this study suggests that surveillance of pathogens and ticks in pet dogs is needed to clarify the risk level and prevent human infection.

Brucellosis, also known as Malta fever in humans, can lead to abortion in livestock (52). Its pathogen Brucella spp. may be carried continuously through transstadial transmission of ticks (engorged adult female ticks, eggs, and larvae) and transmitted to healthy animals via blood sucking (8, 53). In spite of evidence showing that Brucella spp. can be transmitted by ticks (53), but no follow-up survey has confirmed such transmission. In 2018, Wang et al. (8) found that B. melitensis and B. abortus can be transmitted vertically in Dermacentor marginatus obtained from sheep. After that, Brucella DNA was successively identified in D. marginatus, Dermacentor nuttalli, Hyalomma asiaticum, Haemaphysalis punctata, Haemaphysalis longicornis, and Rh. turanicus s.s. obtained from livestock and/or free-living ticks in XUAR and Henan Province, China (22, 42, 54). In the present study, Brucella DNA was detected from blood samples and Rh. turanicus s.s. ticks infesting pet dogs. This may suggest the role of Rh. turanicus s.s. ticks in the transmission of Brucella spp. in the Junggar Basin. Moreover, since pet dogs are considered as human companions and share the household environment with humans when ticks parasitize pet dogs, it is suggested that both dogs and their owners are at risk of contracting brucellosis via tick bites. This finding indicates that in addition to the prevention of Brucella transmission through classical routes, we also need to strengthen the prevention of the transmission of Brucella by ticks from pet dogs. Moreover, the most important species to infect dogs are B. melitensis, B. abortus, B. canis, and B. suis in China (20, 55, 56), so further studies will be necessary to confirm the Brucella species by isolation and identification, to improve the understanding of the epidemiology of these tick-borne diseases, and to monitor emerging tick-borne pathogens and factors influencing their prevalence, which will facilitate implementing integrated strategies for controlling ticks and tick-borne pathogens in China.

In addition, we found two pathogens (Brucella and Ehrlichia) that might share common tick vectors and reservoir pet dogs. Interestingly, the two pathogen sequences retrieved from positive ticks were identical to those found in their dog host, which may mean that ticks are vectors for the two pathogens or the presence of the two pathogens in ticks was due to the presence of the pathogens in the blood meal (57). We also detected co-infection of two or three bacteria in pet dogs and/or their parasitic ticks in this study. These bacteria share a common tick vector, and pet dogs may become infected with these pathogens either simultaneously or sequentially (58). Although the influence of co-infection on disease severity remains unclear (59), it may result in more complicated pathogenicity and worse prognosis if humans or pet dogs are parasitized by these ticks (60). Therefore, additional efforts should be made to actively monitor the prevalence of pathogenic and potentially pathogenic tick-borne bacteria in pet dogs and their owners in XUAR and China to assess the risk of infection in pets and humans.

The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found in the article/Supplementary Material.

The animal study was reviewed and approved by the Animal Health Committee of Shihezi University. Written informed consent was obtained from the owners for the participation of their animals in this study.

JG, HZ, YW, and ZW conceived and designed the study. JG, SS, and SC critically revised the manuscript. HZ and JG analyzed the data and drafted the manuscript. ZS and QZ conducted the morphological test of dog ticks. CC, XD, TZ, YC, DZ, PB, and HB conducted molecular analyses. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

This research was supported by the Scientific and Technological Tackling Plan for Key Fields of the Corps (grant nos. 2022DB018 and 2021AB012), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 31860691 and 31602080), the International Science and Technology Cooperation Promotion Plan (grant nos. 2015DFR31110 and GJHZ201709), the Training Program for Excellent Young Teachers Colleges and Universities of Corps (grant no. CZ027202), and the Youth Science and Technology Innovation Leading Talent Program of Corps (grant no. 2017CB002).

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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