AUTHOR=Davis J. J. Joshua , Schübeler Florian , Kirk Ian J. , Kozma Robert 
  
TITLE=A study of different cognitive states for meditators and non-meditators with the use of multiple classification indices derived from the PSD of EEG data and lessons learned about cognitive states and the nature of intelligence in minds and machines
  
JOURNAL=Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience
  
VOLUME=Volume 19 - 2025
  
YEAR=2026
  
URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/systems-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnsys.2025.1718733
  
DOI=10.3389/fnsys.2025.1718733
  
ISSN=1662-5137
  
ABSTRACT=This study explores the layered coherence within human cognition as measured through EEG. Signals were collected from two groups (meditators vs. non-meditators) across six conditions: Meditation, Scrambled Words, Ambiguous Images, Math Mind, Sentences, and Video Watching. We analyzed the EEG data using Shannon Entropy, Pearson’s Skewness, Total Power, and Dominant Frequency indices, now taken together, to reveal distinct neurophysiological signatures and a different outcome of hypothesis testing based on one index at a time only. These patterns suggest that cognition is more than merely computational, since it seems to be expressive of deeper experiential states, raising profound questions about the nature of intelligence and whether the human psyche and its experience of meaning, in its different forms, can be meaningfully approached through objective methodologies. Our findings invite a re-examination of scientific inquiry itself, both as a pursuit of mechanistic regularities, and also, holistically, as a means of honoring the subtle interplay between structure and meaning. This is reminiscent of young Carl Friedrich Gauss revealing hidden structure beneath apparent complexity by summing up an arithmetic series with elegant simplicity. This way he reframed a problem through insight rather than brute calculation. If artificial intelligence is to mimic cognition, it must grapple with informational entropy and also with the values and consciousness that give rise to meaning. The entropic balance of EEG signals may offer a window into coherence, yet only a species that is mature enough to honor life, liberty, and the pursuit of deep meaning, should attempt to design artificial “minds.” In this convergence of neuroscience and philosophical reflection, we glimpse a deeper imperative: to preserve the truth of what it means to be human in an age increasingly defined by machines.