The present study was conducted from February 2021 to February 2022 at two locations, including the biopesticide laboratory of Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia, and the greenhouse at Munduk Paku Village, Senganan Penebel (Figure 1), Tabanan, Bali, Indonesia (8°22'49.3“S 115°09'43.2”E) and elevation 249 m above sea level).According to Schmidt & Ferguson's classification of climates, the climate in this area is a Type A climate. The average annual rainfall is between 2,000 and 2,800 mm, and there are typically 155.6 wet days. The average number of wet months is 4–10, and the average number of dry months is 0–5. The range of the average air temperature is 25–28°C. Rice, horticultural crops (vegetables, fruits, and flowers), and flora kepodang birds, earthworms, and dragonflies (Sri Widari, 2021).

The leaf spot pathogen was discovered in a rice field in Bali, Indonesia's Senganan Village, Tabanan regency. After removing the diseased rice leaves (with the brown spot), they are thoroughly washed under running water, washed with 70% alcohol, and then rinsed under running water. They are then dried and cut into small pieces and placed in a petri dish with PDA medium, incubated for 2 days at room temperature, and the growth of pathogenic fungi is then observed under a microscope. Following its purification, the pathogen is spread and examined for the following step (Parwanayoni et al., 2021).

Sequencing of ITS regions and computer analysis of DNA sequences. The fungus pathogen was cultivated on PDA at ambient temperature (28°C) for 3 days. In Jakarta, PT Genetic Science, sequencing was carried out. Internal Transcriptional Spacer (ITS) 1 (5- TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG-3) primer and ITS 4 were used in PCR to amplify the 18S rRNA gene (5- TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3). Takara PCR thermal cycler Personal (Takara Bio, Otsu, Japan) with Ex Tag (Takara Bio, Otsu, Japan) was used to perform the PCR in this study. The pre-denaturation step took 4 min, and then there were 35 cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 35 s, annealing at 52°C for 55 s, elongation at 72°C for 2 min, and post-elongation. The nucleotide sequences were determined using the BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Ready Reaction Kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) according to the guidelines of the tool and with the PE Applied Biosystems Automated DNA Sequencer (3130xl model, Applied Biosystems). Using Genetyx-ATSQ (version 4.0) software (Genetyx, Tokyo, Japan), compared with the same DNA sequence from DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank through the NCBI BLAST program (Thompson et al., 1997). Phylogeny analysis was carried out using the MEGA 6.0 program (Stecher et al., 2020), the Maximum Parsimony (MP) method with bootstrap1000x, with the following steps: (1). Search for similarities between sequences. Sequence data stored in the notes in the FASTA format is analyzed using the Blast-WU facility available online at www.ebi.ac.uk/Clustalw. (2). Making a tree of phylogeny with the MEGA program. Data from processing using the ClustalW facility will then be used as basic data to make phylogeny trees using MEGA data facilities (Darmadi et al., 2019).

The rhizobacteria were isolated from Senganan Village, Tabanan regency, Bali, Indonesia. For SRJL1 isolates, information was gathered from earlier research in which these isolates had IAA, protease, nitrogen. One strain—this isolate—was acquired from the 20 examined isolates in the earlier investigation. This isolate tested positive for all parameters. Therefore, this isolates and a squensing test were used in this study. Rhizobacteria were identified using an analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences. First, the GeneJET Genomic DNA Purification Kit was used to extract and purify the DNA from rhizobacteria (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Using the primer pairs 16S (63F 5′ - CAG GCC TAA CAC ATG CAA GTC-3′) and 1387R (5′ - GGG CGG WGT GTA CAA GGC-3′), the 16S rRNA gene was amplified by PCR with the help of 2 Kappa PCR ReadyMix (Kappa Biosystem) at 94°C for 5 min, followed by 30 successive cycles at 94°C for 30 s, 55°C for nucleotide sequences were determined using the ABI PRISM 3100-Avant Genetic Analyzer. The DNA sequences were trimmed and assembled using the ChromasPro version 1.5 program. The assembled data was then processed for BLAST analysis with data registered in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) through the website http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST. Several homologous sequence data from BLAST results, which are the closest species, were taken from GenBank data at the NCBI. The data were then analyzed again by aligning the sequences using the MEGA version 6.0 program. Furthermore, the data were analyzed using the PAUP 4.0b program with the maximum parsimony method with 1,000 replicates bootstrap (Vasseur-Coronado et al., 2021).

A total of 5 kg of mature P. caninum leaf (i.e., leaf number 3 from the top of the shoot of the plant were collected from Munduk Paku Village, Senganan, Penebel, and Tabanan Bali to make P. caninum leaf extract. The leafs were cleaned with running water, twisted, cut into small pieces, dried in a shaded place without sunlight until the weight was constant, and made into powder. Subsequently, the powder was macerated with methanol in a 1:10 (weight/volume) ratio for 48 h. The filtrate was filtered using Whatman filter paper (No. 2) then the obtained filtrate was evaporated using an evaporator (IWAKI, Japan) at a temperature of 40°C until the methanol evaporated, and the crude extract obtained was ready for use (Suriani, 2018).

Petri dishes were filled with 200 μl of N. oryzae spores for this test and then added with 10 ml of diluted PDA, shaken horizontally to mix spores and PDA evenly. After solidification, diffusion wells were made with a cork borer (5 mm diameter) in each petri dish. Each diffusion well was filled with 20 ml of crude extract of P. caninum leaf. The plates were incubated in the dark at room temperature (Suriani et al., 2020a). The diameter of the resistance zone created around the diffusion well was measured. Meanwhile, the well method was also used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). There were five concentrations of crude extract of P. caninum leafs; 0% as a control, 0.5; 1; 1.5; and 2%. All tests were carried out in PDA, and each treatment was replicated five times. PDA was poured into a petri dish filled with extracts of 20 μl of each concentration and allowed to solidify, and then filled with discs of N. oryzae. Furthermore, the plates were incubated at ±25°C, and observations were recorded daily until the control fungal colony growth reached the Petri dish's edges. The plant's inhibitory effect of crude extract was calculated as control diameter- treatment diameter/ control diameter x 100% (Suriani et al., 2021).

B. agri was propagated on sterile potato dextrose agar, one liter of substrate is created from 200 grams of small-grained potatoes that have been cooked for 20 min with 1 liter of aquades, filtered, and then filled to capacity with 70 grams of dextrose and 20 grams of water. After that, the media is poured into each test tube, which is then compacted and autoclaved to make it sterile. Each test tube contains 10 ml of medium. The bacterial isolates were transferred with an ose needle to the PDA media and incubated at 27 ± 2°C for 3 days. Fermentation (room temperature 28–30°C) of P. caninum leafs extract: a mixture of 20 mg of P caninum extract, 1 one liter of potato boiled water, and 1 ml suspension of B. agri was transferred into a glass bottle and incubated for 30 days at 27 ± 2°C) before application to rice plants (Suprapta, 2022).

Bali red rice What is obtained from senganan village, penebel, Tabanan bali is local balinese rice was soaked for 48 h with P. caninum extract and P. caninum plus B. agri. There were four treatments, and each was replicated six times. The treatments were: F0 = untreated control; F1=P. caninum extract at 2%; F2 = B. agri at 2%; F3= Fermentation of P. caninum extract with B. agri at 2%. Approximately 20 g of each treatment was mixed with 100 ml for 30 min. It was then twisted, put in Petri disc dial tissue, and watered with soaking water daily. After 2 weeks of growth, the parameters recorded were root growth, wet weight, and dry weight of Bali red rice seedlings (Suriani et al., 2021).

Rice seeds were immersed in water for 48 h. After soaking, the seeds were grown in a tray filled with soil, and periodic watering schedules were maintained. After germination, young seedlings were transferred to another tray filled with planting media. The planting medium used in the experiment was the top layer of soil collected from rice fields, precisely 20 cm from the surface. Furthermore, the seedlings were maintained in trays, ensuring a proper watering schedule for 2 weeks. After 15 days of growth, they were carefully removed and re-planted into pots (Suriani et al., 2020a).

A randomized complete block design was used for the greenhouse trials. The treatments were as follows: F0 = untreated control; F1 = P. caninum extract at 2%; F2 = B. agri at 2%; F3 = Fermentation of P. caninum extract with B. agri at 2%. Each treatment was replicated six times. Therefore, there were 20 experimental units, each consisting of 10 clumps planted with two rice seedlings, totaling 200 trials. The implementation of the experiment includes sowing seeds, preparing planting media, planting seeds, maintaining plants, fertilizing, and harvesting (Suriani et al., 2019).

Rice is planted in a greenhouse using a 30-centimeter-diameter bucket as a container for the media. The media is created by mixing soil (Soil permeability calls for low to moderate bulk density, medium to outstanding porosity conditions, and moderately quick air or water movement through the soil. Typical prerequisites for soil infiltration include. Terrain type: clay loam) and compost (material from chicken waste and rice husk) (trade name- Surya compost, procured from the local market in Bali, Indonesia) to create a mud-like consistency. This planting is ready for use after receiving 1 component of compost (Suriani, 2019).

The observed data was in the form of growth, including plant height, number of leafs, number of tillers and chlorophyll, number of grains per panicle, the weight of grain per clump, the percentage of empty grain, and yield. The formula for calculating the yield is ton/ha per treatment. Chlorophyll content was measured according to the method of Aron (1949) with the help of a chlorophyll meter (Konika-Minolta, Inc, Osaka, Japan-SPAD 502) (Zhang et al., 2022).

The intensity of leaf spot disease was measured with the following formula:

IP = The intensity of leaf spot disease

Observations were recorded as follows (Suriani, 2019)-

0 - No attack,

1 - very mild attack (0–10% damage to leaf surface),

2 - mild attack (10–30% damage to leaf surface),

3- moderate attack (30–50% damage to leaf surface),

4- severe attacks (50–75% damage to the leafs' surface) and

5 -heavy attack (75–100% damage to the leafs' surface)

Analysis of GC-MS (QP2010SE, Shimadzu, Japan) was performed to identify active chemicals. The structure of the separated compounds was determined by comparing their molecular weight and fragmentation pattern by the GC-MS database library (Reshma et al., 2018). Additionally, this method was conducted on P. caninum extract fermented along with B. agri. This experiment was conducted at UNUD's Joint Mathematics and Natural Sciences Laboratory.

The data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the treatment differences were separated by Duncans Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a 5% significance level (Febrianna et al., 2018).

The identification results showed that the SRJL1 isolate was a rhizobacteria B. agri shown in Figure 3 with an assessment number: OM510267. The synthesis of organic acids, phosphatase activity, and concentration of P-dissolved in Pikovskaya media indicated the phosphate solubilizing capacity of the isolates (Table 1). Analysis of the organic acids production revealed that both isolates, Burkholderia sp. and Penicillium sp. produced organic acids, including lactate acid, oxalate acid, citric acid, and acetate acid. Lactic acid was produced in more amounts compared to other organic acids. In comparison, glutamic acid was produced in the least amount. The capacity of these bacteria to dissolve phosphate will differ depending on their ability to produce organic acids (Sharma et al., 2013; Serna-Posso et al., 2017). Osmolovskaya et al. (2018) claimed that each organic acid has a different capacity to chelate metal ions. Two factors, including the stability constant of complex organic acids with metal ions and the structure of the hydroxyl and carboxyl molecules in the primary carbon chain, affect this variance. Yang et al. (2022) reported that the capacity of phosphate-solubilizing fungi to produce organic acids and a decrease in the pH of the medium is closely related to the ability of phosphate solubilizing to produce organic acids.

Isolation of SUR fungus from rice plants in Senganan Village, Penebel Tabanan, with brown patches on rice leaf (Figure 2A). Spores of N. oryzae were black and round (Figure 2B). The 16S rDNA sequencing results matched with Nigrospora oryzae (Figure 3). Thus the fungus was identified as N. oryzae. The fungus's 16S rRNA nucleotide gene sequence was deposited in the NCBI gene bank under accession No. OP035911. N. oryzae can cause panicle branch rot disease in rice plants, cause decreased yields and decreased rice quality, is the first study in china (Liu et al., 2021).

The inhibition of crude extract of P. caninum against N. oryzae was with an average diameter of 40 mm (Figure 4 and Table 1). The highest inhibition was found with P. caninum leaf extract at 2% (34.90%). The concentration of the extract is directly proportional to the inhibitory capacity against N. oryzae. Using P. caninum extract in-vitro can suppress leaf spotting disease in Bali red rice caused by N. oryzae. The test of the crude extract can inhibit N. oryzae with a diameter of 40 mm, classified as having powerful inhibitory properties. Tests of P. caninum leaf extract against N. oryzae fungal colonies showed the most significant inhibitory properties at a concentration of 2 at 34.90%. The higher the concentration of the extract, the greater the inhibition. The content of phytochemicals in P. caninum extracts, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenols, can damage the fungus N. oryzae. The cell fluid flows out, and the cell becomes lysis. The extract can damage the cell wall of P. oryzae, causing blast disease, which can result in death. P. caninum also contains phytochemical substances such as Benzene, xylene, Tetradecane, dodecanoic acid, heptadecane, hexadecenoic acid, octadecamethyl cyclononasiloxa ne, Phthaic acid, and 8.11, 14-dococatrinic acid serves as fungicidal and bactericidal [33,34]. Essential oil from stems [Major compound: safrole (25.5%)] and leafs [Major compound: safrole (17.1%)] have antimicrobial and antioxidant activities (Salleh et al., 2015; Najafi et al., 2021; Gowtham et al., 2022). Plant extracts offer antifungal benefits (Arora et al., 2022) as they activate typical defense-related responses such as the production of H₂O₂, the up-regulation of genes encoding pathogenesis-related proteins, stilbene synthase, and the accumulation of resveratrol or its derivative piceid. This is consistent with additional experiments on cell suspensions and plants (Krzyzaniak et al., 2018).

The study of the impact of treatment on the length of the roots grown on Petri dishes in the laboratory showed a difference in root length (Figure 5). The best treatment for long and compact development will be the F3 (fermentation of P. caninum leaf extract with B. agri), followed by F2 (B. agri) and F1 (P. caninum leaf extract), as described in Table 2. The use of P. caninum extract (F1), B. agri (F2), and fermentation extract of P. caninum with B. agri (F3) gave different results from the control. The in-vitro experiments prove they can increase the number of roots and compactness. Root length data show that control differs markedly from treatment, and the best roots are found in the F3 treatment (Table 2). Growth in rice plants is heavily influenced by the IAA hormone produced by rhizobacteria B. agri, where the qualitative test results in B. agri are positive. Additionally, there are growth hormones produced by P. caninum leaf extract in synergy with metabolites produced by rhizobacteria, which spurs the growth of rice plants. The results are supported by the research of P. caninum extract combined with rhizobacteria and compost. It provides the best barrier to Pyricularia oryzae, causing spotting disease in rice. It also gives Balinese red rice the best growth and production response compared to control or without combination treatment (Suriani et al., 2020b). B. agri and Brevibacillus formosus produce various antagonistic metabolites, such as HCN, chitinase, and siderophore, and suppress Salvia officinalis wilt and root rot infections. IAA formation of Brevibacillus spp. has been postulated as a method for plant growth promotion. Some Brevibacillus spp. could synthesize 3.8 mgL⁻¹ indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in vitro, contributing to the favorable effects (Ahmed et al., 2018). Bacteria and smoke-water extract improve growth and induce the synthesis of volatile defense mechanisms in Vitis vinifera (Salomon et al., 2017). The combination of plant growth-promoting bacteria and botanical pesticides increases organic red rice yield and reduces the Leptocorisa acuta population in Indonesia (Hoesain et al., 2021). Bacillus and Cyanobacteria isolates showed positive effects on rice seed growth compared to controls

The results showed that the treatment's growth parameters, plant height, number of tillers, number of leafs, and chlorophyll content significantly differed from the controls. All treatments are significantly different from the controls for the high parameters of red rice plants. The best influence on the number of leafs, chlorophyll content, and several tillers is found in the treatment of P. caninum leafs extract fermented with B. agri, followed in a row by treatment B. agri, with P. caninum leafs extract (Figure 6). The highest chlorophyll content parameters are found in the treatment with the fermentation of P. caninum leaf extract and B. agri. However, using P. caninum leaf extract and fermentation treatment with B. agri is shorter. In the treatment using B. agri, when compared to control then, the height of the plant is higher. This is very profitable for red Bali rice, considering it has a plant height of up to 250 cm. The harvest obtained will also be reduced (Suriani, 2019) with a decrease in rice. The amount of chlorophyll influences rice yields as it regulates the photosynthetic rate, plant growth, and grain yield. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the rhizosphere are non-symbiotic microorganisms that can boost N availability for rice plants (Sagar et al., 2022a,b). The synthesis of growth hormones by these bacteria also aids growth (Bhat et al., 2022). Meanwhile, the environment and their relationship with plants significantly impact these skills (Dutta and Gachhui, 2006).

The parameters of the number of tillers and the highest number of leafs are also found in the treatment with the fermentation of P. caninum leaf extract with B. agri. A large number of tillers will increase the amount of dry grain in rice plants (Suriani et al., 2021). Furthermore, the control has an average number of tillers of 8.67, while in the treatment with extract of P. caninum fermented by B. agri, the number increased to 9.5 and 11. The highest number of tillers in the treatment using extracts of P. caninum leaf with B. agri is 12. The best treatment for the average growth of Balinese red rice uses the leaf extracts of P. caninum fermented with B. agri. Over the approved fertilizer dose, grain yield increased by 4.15–9.14%. Furthermore, grain yields improved significantly beyond the prescribed fertilizer dose when seaweed bio-stimulants were applied, ranging from 5.31 to 5.58 t/ha (T7). As a result, the bio-stimulant LBS6 S can be used to improve the growth and yield of transplanted rice (Raklami et al., 2019). The use of PGPR Bacillus megaterium CCMMB583 and Bacillus subtilis KJB06 can increase plant height growth, dry weight of plants and also increase chlorophyll in rice plants (Abd El-Mageed et al., 2022).

The results showed that the data on the highest number of productive tillers was found in the fermentation treatment of P. caninum leaf extracts with B. agri (F3), followed by B. agri treatment (F2) and the treatment of P. caninum leafs extract (F1)with 10.33, 13.00, and 14.17, respectively. This indicates that there was a significant difference between the control and treatments. The most important number of threads are found in the F3 treatment, amounting to 242.83. Similarly, there was a significant difference in data on grain weight/clumps between treatments and controls, where the increased grain/clump yield is found in the treatment of F3 with 65.12 gr. The empty grain/clump parameters between treatment and control also significantly differed; the lowest weight was found in the treatment of F3 with 3.01 gr, as presented in Table 3. The yield of grain tons/ha and the addition of results between treatment and control were also significantly different (Table 3). The highest grain yield of tons/ha was found in F3 silverware at 6.19 tons/ha, with the highest crop yield of 50.08% (Table 4).

Combining 3 Piper extract with rhizobacteria and compost can increase the number of tillers, the number of leafs, and rice productivity. This is achieved by reducing the amount of empty grain, increasing the amount of grain/panicle, grain weight/clumps, increasing the yield of grain tons/ha, and also affecting the growth of tons/ha (Suriani et al., 2019). The increase in grain yield is due to the decrease in the intensity of spotting disease, where the intensity of spot leaf disease is inhibited by P. caninum leafs extract, and B. agri., rhizobacteria Pseudomonas isolated from rice rooting in California can suppress spotting diseases caused by Magnophore oryzae, 90% of appressoria, and 78% M. oryzae fungus because it contains antifungal phytochemical substances (Spence et al., 2014). N. oryzae causes panicle branch rot, and this disease reduces yields and lowers milling quality (Liu et al., 2021). It is also reported to cause spots on rice leafs in China (Organisms, 2018). Additionally, N. oryzae can also rod Brassica juncea in India (Sharma et al., 2013).

The colony of M. oryzae was inhibited by 68, 65, and 48% by Pseudomonas sp., Burkholderia sp., and Bacillus spp., respectively. The bacterial suspension filtrates inhibited leafs spotting by 81.0, 79.2, and 66.3%, respectively. They were reported to solubilize phosphate, generate siderophores and cellulose, form biofilms, and reduce spot leaf when tested as M. oryzae antagonists (Martins et al., 2020; Nithyapriya et al., 2021).

The F3 treatment gives the best results for growth, covering the number of tillers, number of leafs, and chlorophyll content as well as crop parameters comprising of a number of productive tillers, number of grains/panicles, grain weight/clumps, grain yield tons/ha, and addition of yields; while reducing the weight of empty grain/clumps. This is due to the low intensity of the disease in F3 treatment (Table 5). The intensity of the disease is inversely proportional to the inhibition of the leaf spot. The chlorophyll content in all treatments, which is highest in the F3 treatment, is directly proportional to photosynthesis, growth, and components of the yield. A consortium of Bacillus sp., Pantoea agglomerans, and mycorrhiza has been reported to increase chlorophyll, biomass amount, and proline of crops in saline soil (Diagne et al., 2020). PGPR in rice plants can increase plant height, the number of saplings, chlorophyll content of leafs, yield of tons/ha, and water use efficiency (Abd El-Mageed et al., 2022). PGPR isolates from aromatic local rice rhizosphere can be used as biostimulants, biofertilizers, and biocontrol agents to boost plant development (Ali et al., 2022). Furthermore, it can promote the high growth of plants, chlorophyll, and biomass. It also improved the yield and health of rice plant genotypes Jaya, PA6444, and Pusa basmati-1, in India (Sharma et al., 2013). It provides attractive alternatives to synthetic fertilizers that are both environmentally benign and financially effective (Cen et al., 2020). Eucalyptus camaldulensis leafs extract (LE), Citrus sinensis LE, Ficus benghalensis fruit extract (FE), and two microbial antagonists were used as plant extracts and bioagents. The botanical pesticides from Azadirachta indica, Aglaia odorata, and Ageratum conyzoides combined with rhizobacteria (Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas) can increase the growth and production of rice and suppress Leptocorisa acuta disease in organic red rice in Jember, Indonesia (Hoesain et al., 2021).

The leaf spot disease studied in this study is spotting caused by the fungus N. oryzae. The intensity of leafs spot disease between treatment and control showed a noticeable difference, and data between treatments also reported a significant difference. The lowest intensity was found in the treatment of F3, followed by F2 and F1, with data on the minor inhibitory disease in F3, followed by F2 and F1 (Table 5). Furthermore, data on the intensity of spotting disease with the resistance is inversely proportional. The higher the intensity of spotting disease, the smaller the inhibition. Phytochemical content in the fermentation of P. caninum extract with B. agri can suppress leafs spotting diseases caused by N. oryzae fungus because it is anti-fungicidal (Table 5). Growth hormones such as IAA produced by B. agri and found in the leaf extract of P. caninum can increase growth. Additionally, new phytochemical substances result from the fermentation of P. caninum extract with B. agri to produce 2.3 butanadiol, tetradecanoic acid, Butanoic acid, ethyl ester, Benzenepropanal, 3-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-a-methyl, a-N-Normethadol strengthens the durability of rice plant tillers and increase growth. These findings contribute to comprehending bacterial volatiles in the rhizosphere and their functions (Yi et al., 2016). The bioactive components of tetradecanoic acid have been employed as additives in insecticides, pest control, insect repellents, and insecticidal agents (Bharathithasan et al., 2021).

Gc-MS results showed that fermentation of P. caninum leafs extract with B. agri produced seven peak compounds (Figure 7). However, it showed different results for the extract of P. caninum without fermentation with B. agri. It revealed the presence of benzene, xylene, tetradecane, dodecanoic acid, heptadecane, hexadecenoic acid, octadecamethyl cyclononasiloxane, phthaic acid, and 8.11, 14- dococatrinic acid (Suriani et al., 2021). After the P. caninum leafs extract is fermented using B.agri, 2.3 butanadiol, tetradecanoic acid, Butanoic acid, ethyl ester, benzenepropanal, 3-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-a-methyl, a-N-Normethadol will be obtained. These compounds function as anti-fungicidal, and some as antioxidants such as a-N-Normethadol (Table 6). Meanwhile, 2,3-butanediol causes the release of root exudates, which influence soil fungus and bacteria. Tagetes erecta plant extract with phytochemical combined with rhizobacteria (Bacillus sp.) more effectively suppresses pathogenic fungi such as Monilinia laxa, Fusarium gramin earum, Aspergillus niger (Perisoara et al., 2022).