Match analysis has become a critical process in the prescription of specific and representative training in soccer. For this, running performance during the game (i.e., match running performance) has been monitored to access players' external load. Recently, the interest of researchers and practitioners in factors that influence running performance has grown (Castellano et al., 2011; Lago-Peñas, 2012; Moalla et al., 2018), with emphasis on contextual variables, including match location, match outcome, competitive level, and the quality of opponents (Paul et al., 2015; Liu et al., 2016; Aquino et al., 2020).

Regarding the match outcome, a greater number of high-intensity actions in matches won compared with the losses has been reported (Aquino et al., 2017a). Also, Folgado et al. (2014) showed that players covered shorter total distances (TDs) in matches played against low-level opponents compared with higher-level opponents. On the other hand, Rampinini et al. (2007) observed greater TD and distance covered at high intensity in matches against strong teams. This divergence reinforces the need for research addressing this topic in different leagues worldwide.

Similarly, some studies have reported that running performance is influenced by match location. Almeida et al. (2014) and Paraskevas et al. (2020) showed that players covered similar TDs comparing home and away matches. In contrast, Lago et al. (2010) showed higher values for TD covered in home matches. Most studies were developed involving European clubs (Lago et al., 2010; Almeida et al., 2014). Though, Dellal et al. (2011) noted that different leagues and cultures may also influence athletes' physical and technical performance. Therefore, research involving elite players worldwide may increase the plurality of the body of knowledge around this topic.

Also, coach replacement is a common phenomenon in soccer. As a recent example, in the 2019 elite Brazilian championship, 24 coach changes occurred throughout the 38 rounds. Coach replacement may result in changes in the game model, work methodology, and athletes' incentive level (Tozetto et al., 2019). These factors can directly link to changes in physical performance during matches. Guerrero-Calderón et al. (2021) showed that players modified behavior in relation to physical performance after changing coaches. Therefore, it might be necessary to understand the effects of coach replacement on match running performance in soccer.

Another common particularity of professional soccer is the need to frequently travel long distances to play matches and its potential impact on the physical demands (Watanabe et al., 2017). For instance, Brazil is considered a country of continental extension, which is approximately 8.5 million km², and teams must travel weekly to play matches, which might interfere with players' recovery periods (Waterhouse et al., 2004; Fullagar et al., 2016). Therefore, it is common for a team from the southern region to travel more than 3 km to play a match. Although previous studies in Australian soccer showed that travel influenced physical performance and training (Fowler et al., 2014, 2015b), this contextual factor remains relatively unexplored in the literature.

Hence, the present brief report aimed to investigate the effects of match location, match outcome, quality of opposition, change of head coach, and distance traveled to play on running performance in Brazilian professional soccer players.

The present investigation had a retrospective observational design. Overall, the 1^st Division of the Brazilian soccer championship consists of a double round-robin system, with 20 teams playing a total of 38 games (19 home and 19 away matches). This study analyzed 35 games from one club (n = 257 individual observations) during the 2017 season (May–December). Three matches were excluded from the analysis due to the large error measurements observed in data obtained by GPS. In total, 19 matches were played at home and 16 away, resulting in 13 wins, 11 draws, and 11 losses, with 49 goals scored and 38 goals conceded. The matches were played on natural grass pitches between 11:00 a.m. and 10:00 p.m.

Figure 1 shows the comparisons of running performance in relation to match location (home vs. away). Total distance covered was higher during away than home matches (p = 0.02; ES = 0.14). No significant differences were detected for any other performance variable.

Comparisons of running performance in relation to the match outcome showed that TD covered during matches lost was higher than for draws and wins (p = 0.03; ES = 0.27, and ES = 0.2, respectively; Figure 2). However, sprinting distance was higher in draws than matches lost (p = 0.03; ES = 0.45). No significant differences were detected for any other variable (p > 0.05).

In addition, the comparisons of running performance regarding the opposition ranking are presented in Figure 3. No significant differences were detected for any performance variable between matches involving the top six, the middle eight, and the bottom six teams (p > 0.05).

Overall, running performance was affected by changing the head coach during the season. The distance covered in sprinting (202 m [CI 95% 147–258] vs. 178 m [CI 95% 123–234]) and high intensity (902 m [CI 95% 770–1,035] vs. 805 m [CI 95% 673–938]), the number of actions performed in high intensity (67 [CI 95% 53–76] vs. 63 [CI 95% 53–72]) and the number of decelerations (42 [CI 95% 37–47] vs. 40 [CI95% 35–45]) decreased when changing the coach (p < 0.05; ES <0.3). No significant differences were found for other analyzed variables (p > 0.05).

The comparisons of running performance in relation to the distance traveled to play matches are presented in Figure 4. The distance covered in sprinting and high intensity was lower in matches with long travel compared with matches without travel (p = 0.05; ES = 0.18; p = 0.04; ES = 0.2; respectively). No significant differences were found for matches with short travel (p > 0.05).

The present brief report investigated the effects of several contextual variables on running performance in professional soccer players from one club in Brazil. The main results indicated that: (i) higher TD covered was found in away matches when compared with home matches; (ii) higher TD covered was found in matches that resulted in losses when compared to draws and wins, yet higher sprinting distance was observed in matches that resulted in a draw when compared to losses; (iii) there were no effects of quality of opposition on running performance; (iv) decreased distance in high intensity and sprinting, and in the number of high intensity running and decelerations after coach replacement; and (v) higher distance covered in sprinting and high intensity in matches without travel when compared to matches with long travel.

Previous studies have suggested that the match location may cause differences in the team's strategy, which may also reflect in the physical demands during matches (Almeida et al., 2014; Aquino et al., 2017a, 2020). The results of the present brief report showed higher TD covered in away matches when compared with home matches, but the effect size was small. Contrary, previous studies performed in the 3rd and 4th divisions in Brazil showed higher values in TD covered and high-intensity activities for home matches (Aquino et al., 2017a,b, 2020).

Though, the demands imposed by the opponents might need to be considered in elite soccer. In the current study, this contextual variable did not influence the running performance of elite players. These findings contrast with previous results that showed differences in running demands when considering the quality of the opponent (Rampinini et al., 2007; Aquino et al., 2017a, 2020; Folgado et al., 2018). Though, it is worth mentioning that among the studies that observed the effects of team level, none was carried out with elite players in Brazil. Therefore, these results can be explained by the fact that matches between the teams of the elite Brazilian championship denote a largely even contest. Concerning the physical component, compared with lower leagues, no variation in physical performance has been shown, even against low-ranked opponents (Aquino et al., 2017a). Furthermore, these results also suggest that analyzing only physical variables may not fully represent players' performance during matches, and other technical, psychological and tactical factors might be relevant for match running performance. Interestingly, Folgado et al. (2014) noted that against higher-level opponents, the distance covered >19.8 km/h was greater, aiming to perform more synchronized behaviors.

In the current brief report, the players performed higher TD covered in losses than in draws and winning matches, whereas higher sprinting distance was observed in draws compared to losses. Players demonstrated similar values for high-intensity running, accelerations, and decelerations, regardless of the match outcome. These results diverged from that reported by Aquino et al. (2020) showing higher TD for draws and wins when compared with losses, and no effect on sprinting, despite analyzing matches of lower competitive standards in Brazil. Previously, Buchheit et al. (2018) observed that at the moment of the game that there was a draw, players cover greater distances above 14 km/h. The results found in the current study can be explained by the fact that during a loss situation the necessity to score goals can cause a greater physical demand when compared with winning periods when the team is in a more comfortable scoring situation (Lago et al., 2010). Indeed, in losses, the opponent team can be considered of great difficulty, which may cause greater physical demands to the players. Furthermore, in draws, the score balance during match play can cause more need to perform sprinting to create imbalance, which can increase the difficulty for the opponent's defense and create more opportunities to score (Faude et al., 2012). However, it is important to acknowledge that multidimensional aspects influence the temporary and final score of the match.

Generally, in soccer, changes of coaches during the season are very common, and Brazilian soccer is not an exception. To our knowledge, this was the first study to assess the effect of coach replacement on running performance. It is worth highlighting that coach #1 had a performance score of ~53% of wins (7 wins, 6 draws, and 4 losses), while coach #2 had a performance score of ~43% of wins (6 wins, 4 draws, and 7 losses). Previous studies showed that the change of coach would not elicit greater physical demands (Audas et al., 2002; Heuer et al., 2011). We observed differences in the distance covered in high-intensity running and sprinting, as well as in high-intensity actions and decelerations performed after coach replacement, but the effect size was small. The differences observed in running performance after coach replacement might depend on several factors, including the style of play intended by each coach. Interestingly, a previous study reported that changing the coach increased the number of points earned by the team only in the first games, meaning that the effect of coach replacement may not persist when comparing 10, 15, or 20 matches (Lago-Peñas, 2011). Hence, the immediate improvement in match performance might be explained by a higher motivational level of players in the first matches, but after a few games, this positive effect might be normalized.

Regarding the distance traveled on trips to play matches, it is worth noting that Brazil is a country of continental extension and teams have to regularly travel throughout the season. The results of the present study showed that games without travel had higher values for distances covered in high intensity and sprinting when compared to matches with long trips. No difference was found when comparing with matches with short travel. This fact suggests that long trips are likely to interfere with recovery between matches, potentially leading to declines in the ability to perform intense actions (Fowler et al., 2015a). However, it should be acknowledged that other factors related to travel, such as weather and environmental conditions, may also influence performance and recovery in soccer (Fowler et al., 2017; Lastella et al., 2019).

This brief report has some limitations, and the interpretation of the exposed results should be done with caution. The analyses were carried out considering only the matches of one season and a single team. In addition, the data referring to technical-tactical performance were not considered for analyzes. Though, in the present brief report, we observed that match location and match outcome affected the physical demands of matches in elite soccer players. Also, running performance outcomes changed with coach replacement during the season. Likewise, long traveling to play games influenced running performance during match play. These conclusions can assist coaches in planning the weekly training loads for soccer players, according to the specific requirements a match may impose.

The datasets generated for this study are available on request to the corresponding author.

The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by State University of Rio de Janeiro. The Ethics Committee waived the requirement of written informed consent for participation.

DA: conceptualization, data curation, project administration, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, visualization, and writing—review and editing. JB: data curation, formal analysis, methodology, visualization, and writing—review and editing. RA: conceptualization, data curation, methodology, and writing—review and editing. PF: formal analysis, methodology, and data curation. FE: data curation and investigation. MT and BV: data curation and methodology. FV: conceptualization, methodology, project administration, supervision, and visualization. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

This research was partially supported by grants from the Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for the Research Support in Rio de Janeiro State and Brazilian Council for the Technological and Scientific Development and was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento Pessoal de Nivel Superior—Brasil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001.

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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