AUTHOR=Kuplinov Georgiy N. 

TITLE=The biohybrid autonomous robots (BAR): a feasibility of implementation

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Robotics and AI

VOLUME=Volume 12 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/robotics-and-ai/articles/10.3389/frobt.2025.1695262

DOI=10.3389/frobt.2025.1695262

ISSN=2296-9144

ABSTRACT=Limited battery capacity poses a challenge for autonomous robots. We believe that instead of relying solely on electric motors and batteries, basically Conventional Autonomous Robots (CAR), one way to address this challenge may be to develop Biohybrid Autonomous Robots (BAR), based on current achievements of the field of biohybrid robotics. The BAR approach is based on the facts that fat store high amount of energy, that biological muscles generate decent force per unit of cross-sectional area and that biological muscles have capability for regeneration and adaptation compared to electric motors. To reach conclusions about the feasibility of BAR, this study uses data from the fields of muscle energetics, robotics, engineering, physiology, biomechanics and others to perform analysis and interdisciplinary calculations. Our calculations show that the BAR approach is up to 5.1 times more efficient in terms of the mass of energy substrate to useful energy transported than the Conventional Autonomous Robots (CAR) with mass-produced batteries in an ideal scenario. The study also presents the model for determining the point of the rational use of the BAR, taking into the account basal metabolism of living systems. The results of this study provide a preliminary basis for further research of the BAR, putting it into the context of the other possible solutions for energy autonomy problem: Generator-Powered Autonomous Robots (GPAR) and Fuell-Cell Autonomous Robots (FCAR).