AUTHOR=Kümpel Michaela , Scheibl Manuel , Töberg Jan-Philipp , Hassouna Vanessa , Cimiano Philipp , Wrede Britta , Beetz Michael 

TITLE=Everything robots need to know about cooking actions: creating actionable knowledge graphs to support robotic meal preparation

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Robotics and AI

VOLUME=Volume 12 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/robotics-and-ai/articles/10.3389/frobt.2025.1682031

DOI=10.3389/frobt.2025.1682031

ISSN=2296-9144

ABSTRACT=This paper addresses the challenge of enabling robots to autonomously prepare meals by bridging natural language recipe instructions and robotic action execution. We propose a novel methodology leveraging Actionable Knowledge Graphs to map recipe instructions into six core categories of robotic manipulation tasks, termed Action Cores cutting, pouring, mixing, preparing, pick and place, and cook and cool. Each AC is subdivided into Action Groups which represent a specific motion parameterization required for task execution. Using the Recipe1M + dataset (Marín et al., IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 2021, 43, 187–203), encompassing over one million recipes, we systematically analysed action verbs and matched them to ACs by using direct matching and cosine similarity, achieving a coverage of 76.5%. For the unmatched verbs, we employ a neuro-symbolic approach, matching verbs to existing AGs or generating new action cores utilizing a Large Language Model Our findings highlight the versatility of AKGs in adapting general plans to specific robotic tasks, validated through an experimental application in a meal preparation scenario. This work sets a foundation for adaptive robotic systems capable of performing a wide array of complex culinary tasks with minimal human intervention.