AUTHOR=Nuzzo Mariah , Erickson Elise N. , Groth Susan W. , Yu Yang , Koleck Theresa , Li Huashi , Martinez Kiana , Zaman Adnin , Dreisbach Caitlin 

TITLE=Genetic variation associated with side effects of hormonal contraception exposure: a narrative review

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Reproductive Health

VOLUME=Volume 7 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/reproductive-health/articles/10.3389/frph.2025.1720994

DOI=10.3389/frph.2025.1720994

ISSN=2673-3153

ABSTRACT=Hormonal contraceptives (HCs) are commonly prescribed medications that have had immeasurable impacts on quality of life and health of women and families globally. However, usage of exogenous hormones is not without risks, and patients often report a variety of side effects, ranging from burdensome to life-threatening. For some patients, side effects of HCs are severe enough to cause medication discontinuation or switching to alternative forms of contraception. Variability in side effect profiles may indicate heritable risk factors for some side effects. Understanding these patterns or risk profiles may help clinicians anticipate severe adverse events, match patients with suitable medications more rapidly, and improve patient outcomes and adherence. To support further research in this field, this narative review summarizes what is currently known about pharmacogenetic interactions with respect to HCs and specific polymorphisms suspected to contribute to adverse side effects and outcomes.