Adolescents and young people often face significant challenges in accessing and using SRHS (10). These challenges are diverse and vary from country to country, with major obstacles including inadequate knowledge, political and socio-cultural barriers, economic constraints, and negative attitude of healthcare providers (11). A recent study by Mejia et al. highlighted a significant gap in sexual and reproductive health knowledge among adolescents and young people, identifying a lack of information about sex, reproduction, and intimate and romantic relationships as the main contributing factors. This study underscored the critical need to address this gap by providing the necessary sexual and reproductive health education for youth.

Lack of knowledge, combined with other legal and socio-cultural barriers, puts adolescents and young people at a higher risk of sexual and reproductive health problems. For example, evidence has indicated that, in 2023, adolescents accounted for over 12% of all new Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infections, with adolescent girls representing more than two-thirds of these cases (12). Similarly, the risk of unwanted pregnancy is high among women aged 15–19 years, with an estimated 41.3 births per 1,000 women in 2023 (13). In low- and middle-income countries, the adolescent birth rate is even higher, reaching 97.9 per 1,000 women in 2023 (13). A study in this special issue by Ndagijimana et al. noted that 41% of in-school adolescents experienced risky sexual behavior in their lifetime, including not using any protection during sexual intercourse. Factors such as sexual violence, alcohol misuse, peer pressure, and lack of family support were found to increase the likelihood of engaging in risky sexual behavior. A similar study by Kawuma et al. identified important barriers to accessing broader contraceptives among sexually active adolescent girls and young women, such as age, misinformation about contraceptives, influence from partners, and family pressure.

Evidence indicates that adolescents often prefer services that address their needs with friendly care and appropriate support (14). To date, various interventions have been employed to ensure adolescents receive proper care, with varying degrees of success (15). School-based health centers, as one such intervention, offer essential services to adolescents who struggle to access regular primary care or need extra assistance in interacting with SRHS providers (16). For example, a recent study (Perez and Kelley) found that 62% of teens visited school-based health centers primarily for birth control. This study also showed that teens understood the dangers of unprotected sex and were willing to make responsible health decisions, underscoring the importance of school-based health centers in supporting adolescents’ sexual and reproductive health.

Overall, the studies included in this section of the research topic identified additional barriers that adolescents often face and emphasized the importance of providing adolescent-friendly SRHS, including school-based health centers, to ensure proper access to care.

STIs are among the leading communicable diseases, affecting millions of people in the world and with an estimated one million new cases per year (17). In an effort to tackle the spread of STIs, the WHO recommends that countries establish strong STI surveillance systems to monitor trends, identify outbreaks, redirect resources, and assess the effectiveness of interventions (18). The WHO Global Sexually Transmitted Infection Surveillance Priorities for Action identified several key priorities for countries. These priorities include strengthening and integrating STI surveillance into national health information systems, increasing the detail and specificity of data, identifying specific populations at risk, including data on risk factors and determinants of STIs, and strengthening national laboratory capacity (19). The implementation of STI surveillance varies among countries, contributing to a lack of adequate understanding of STIs globally (20). To enhance this understanding, Wang et al. conducted a study investigating the prevalence of Ureaplasma urealyticum, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae among at-risk populations. Their findings indicated higher rates of infections among younger populations and women, highlighting the need for regular screening to improve detection and management of these infections.

Prevention and treatment of STIs are considered cornerstone strategies in the prevention of HIV infections (21). Additionally, specific measures are available for people at risk of acquiring HIV to reduce their risk of infection (22). PrEP is one of the key measures for reducing the spread of HIV and is recommended by the WHO as part of comprehensive HIV prevention strategies (23). In improving the uptake of PrEP, various strategies such as pharmacy-based PrEp provision, covering PrEP cost through Medicaid, and offering PrEP with delivery of positive STI results have been implemented (24). However, these strategies vary across settings based on the nature of healthcare systems and available resources. To further enhance PrEP uptake, Reyniers et al. identified three key strategies to improve uptake among men who have sex with men. These strategies include raising awareness and increasing knowledge of HIV to enhance perceived risk, improving the dissemination of PrEP, and employing methods to avoid stigma and discrimination.

In conclusion, the articles included in this section of the Special Issue highlight the persistent and significant threat posed by STIs. It also provides critical strategies that need to be considered and implemented to enhance the uptake of PrEP, ultimately contributing to the reduction of HIV transmission.