AUTHOR=Wang Yiran , Li Lingling , Xu Mingming , Liu Shanwei , Yasir Muhammad , Aguilar Manuel Á. , Aguilar Fernando J. 

TITLE=AU-super: superpixel scale optimization and training data augmentation strategy for hyperspectral image classification

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Remote Sensing

VOLUME=Volume 6 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/remote-sensing/articles/10.3389/frsen.2025.1685140

DOI=10.3389/frsen.2025.1685140

ISSN=2673-6187

ABSTRACT=The spectral information of each pixel in hyperspectral images contains valuable information about object properties, although accurate labeling is required in supervised classification to guide the model in distinguishing different land cover types. However, labeling data for hyperspectral images is difficult to obtain, especially in complex or remote areas. This results in a shortage of labeled samples, which prevents the model from fully learning the features of different classes. To overcome this challenge, this work proposes a hyperspectral image classification method, called AU-Super, that combines adaptive superpixel scale selection, superpixel label expansion, and data augmentation. First, an adaptive method is developed to determine an appropriate superpixel segmentation scale based on feature values, thereby ensuring that superpixel segmentation effectively captures the spatiospectral information of the image. Second, feature extraction is performed at the previously estimated superpixel scale. Third, pixel labels are converted to superpixel labels to reduce the effects of labeling noise during the training process. Furthermore, superpixel-level label-based data augmentation techniques are introduced to mitigate the problem of under-labeled patterns. The comparative results against various state-of-the-art algorithms demonstrate that AU-Super-RF consistently achieves superior performance across multiple accuracy metrics. Under few-shot training scenarios (with only 1–10 samples per class) on the Indian Pines, Salinas, and Pavia University datasets, it improves overall accuracy by 3%–7%, average accuracy by 2%–6%, and the Kappa coefficient by 3%–8%, highlighting the robustness and practical utility of the method.