AUTHOR=Nguyen Hong Duc Paul , Erbe Christine , Madhusudhana Shyam , Wilkes Daniel , Gill Lachlan , Tollefsen Cristina , de Bruin Narissa , Erbeking Aiyana , Jenner Curt , Jenner Micheline , Recalde-Salas Angela , Salgado Kent Chandra P. , Srivastava Kautilya , Wei Chong , McCauley Robert 

TITLE=Non-stereotypy (to species) in mysticete downsweeps

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Remote Sensing

VOLUME=Volume 6 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/remote-sensing/articles/10.3389/frsen.2025.1539618

DOI=10.3389/frsen.2025.1539618

ISSN=2673-6187

ABSTRACT=The Australian EEZ provides habitat for ten species of mysticete whales seasonally supporting critical life functions ranging from feeding to breeding. All of these species produce downsweeping calls, which may confound passive acoustic monitoring efforts. In an attempt to optimize a detector for Eastern Indian Ocean pygmy blue whale (EIOPBW) downsweeps, we tried a spectrogram correlator based on confirmed templates and a neural network trained on general blue whale D-calls followed by clustering algorithms. Outputs were manually validated by bioacousticians. We found that downsweeps exhibit significant variability and form a graded continuum of acoustic features, as opposed to clusters. Comparative analysis demonstrated parallels between EIOPBW call variants and downsweeps of other mysticete species, raising concerns about the reliability of assigning calls to species based solely on spectrographic features. Geographical and seasonal patterns of downsweeps were more conclusive for EIOPBW when aligned with known migratory routes and timings. Challenges in automated detection, variability in environmental noise, and human biases in manual classification were acknowledged. To improve species identification, we suggest integrating soft labeling, advanced acoustic transforms, sound propagation corrections, and cross-referenced databases. Until automated methods achieve higher reliability, passive acoustic monitoring will require a multidisciplinary approach incorporating regional ecological insights and manual validation.