AUTHOR=Aboud Frances , Omoeva Carina , Contreras Gomez Rafael , Hatch Rachel , Chaluda Ania , Krstic Ksenija , Hapunda Given , Sichimba Francis , Choden Karma , Tusiimi Michael , Popp Jill 

TITLE=Scaling parenting programs for early child development in four low- and middle-income countries

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Public Health

VOLUME=Volume 13 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1604308

DOI=10.3389/fpubh.2025.1604308

ISSN=2296-2565

ABSTRACT=BackgroundAlthough meta-analyses have demonstrated the value of parenting programs to promote child development in low- and middle-income countries, scaling them horizontally and vertically through the system has remained largely undocumented. This study examines the enablers and barriers to scaling parenting programs implemented by different organizations in four countries, namely Bhutan, Rwanda, Serbia, and Zambia.MethodAn independent research and learning organization collected multi-method data from three sources, toward the end of a four-year period, to identify enablers and barriers of scale. The sources and method included: in-depth semi-structured interviews with two members of the technical resource teams (n = 8); phone surveys with a random sample of providers who delivered the program to caregivers (n = 529) along with in-depth interviews with a smaller number of providers (n = 44); and in-depth semi-structured interviews with key government stakeholders (n = 57). Content analysis was conducted to identify interviewees’ comments that reflected enablers and barriers to scale.ResultsFindings are presented to address horizontal and vertical enablers and barriers in each of the four country programs. Regarding horizontal scale, the main enabler was an existing workforce who was quickly trained to deliver the program and who perceived a need within their communities. Expanding the reach of the programs also required advocacy to raise demand among community leaders and caregivers. Design features of the programs, such as curriculum, modality, and dosage, contributed to effective outcomes as a function of their adaptation to providers’ and caregivers’ experiences. The main enabler of vertical scale was adoption by the government, integration into the system, and engagement of multisectoral stakeholders. Based on final reflections of stakeholders, qualitative data were provided for eight indicators of successful scale: demand, reach, equity, and workforce (for horizontal scale); multisectorality, adoption, policy/finance, and integration (for vertical scale).ConclusionPlanning for scale needs to be done at the start by considering facilitative design features, selection of a workforce, and ownership by the government. Ongoing implementation research conducted with different stakeholders is needed to provide feedback for course-correction during the process of scale. Eight indicators can be used to evaluate the level of successful scale achieved by programs.