Front. Public HealthFrontiers in Public HealthFront. Public Health2296-2565Frontiers Media S.A.10.3389/fpubh.2025.1595827Public HealthOriginal ResearchKnowledge, attitudes and sexual behavior concerning AIDS among college students in Guangzhou, China: a cross-sectional questionnaire surveyYangYanjun1*WuShaomin2TangYuan31Panyu District Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China2Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China3Nansha District People’s Hospital, Guangzhou, China
Edited by: Anindita Banerjee, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), India
Reviewed by: Naveen Khargekar, Indian Council of Medical Research, India
Nawaid Hussain Khan, International Atatürk-Alatoo University, Kyrgyzstan
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
Background
Despite global efforts to control human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among adolescents, the number of new infections among adolescents continues to increase. The increasingly widespread HIV epidemic among Chinese college students indicates an urgent need for more effective services in this context. To meet this need, we conducted a survey that aimed to produce a clear understanding of knowledge and sexual behavior concerning acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) among college students. This study can serve as a reference for policy-makers and university administrators seeking to implement more targeted measures in this context.
Methods
In November 2024, a cross-sectional internet questionnaire survey was distributed at 13 universities in Guangzhou, China. The chi-square test was performed to examine the differences among respondents who exhibited different characteristics. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to explore the main influences on college students’ AIDS knowledge. Confidence intervals that did not contain zero or p values < 0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance.
Results
A total of 12,632 valid questionnaires were collected. On this basis, a total of 11,587 (91.73%) students were determined to possess AIDS knowledge. The main influences on college students’ AIDS knowledge were age, school classification, major, accommodation method, place of origin and average monthly living expenses. The proportion of students who reported a history of sexual behavior increased alongside students’ grade. The relevant values were as follows: freshmen (5.16%), sophomores (11.9%), fourth-year and fifth-year students (15.59%), master’s students (29.27%) and doctoral students (55.22%). A total of 6.63% of the respondents who had engaged in sexual behaviors reported that they had engaged in noncommercial sex with causal sexual partners. During the past year, the percentages of respondents who did not insist on using condoms during sexual activities with their casual sexual partners, male same-sex sexual partners, or commercial sexual partners were 30.58, 51.81, and 81.25%, respectively. The percentages of students who possessed AIDS knowledge and insisted on using condoms during sexual activities with “casual sexual partners (72.16%)” or “male same-sex sexual partners (48.19%)” were greater than the corresponding percentages of students who did not possess such knowledge (p < 0.01). Individuals who did not possess AIDS knowledge reported that they did not insist on using condoms during sexual activities with male same-sex sexual partners. “Did not buy a condom” was identified as the main reason for the failure to use condoms during sexual activities with casual sexual partners (26.43%) and commercial sexual partners on the basis of monetary transactions (48.00%). The main reason for failing to use condoms during same-sex sexual activities was “I did not think that it was necessary to use it” (41.67%). The percentage of college students included in the survey who reported that they had acquired AIDS knowledge from social software was the highest (76.96%). A total of 30.90% of the respondents reported that their favorite way of acquiring AIDS knowledge was through their school courses.
Conclusion
The level of AIDS knowledge exhibited by college students is affected by various factors. Improvements in AIDS knowledge can help raise awareness of the need for self-protection during high-risk sexual activities among college students. The risk of contracting AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases can be reduced through the use of condoms. Social networks are the main source by which college students acquire AIDS knowledge, although such students typically hope to acquire AIDS knowledge from their school courses.
aidsknowledgeattitudessexual behaviorcollege studentsquestionnairesection-at-acceptanceInfectious Diseases: Epidemiology and PreventionIntroduction
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has become a major public health problem at the global level (1, 2). In 2023, an estimated 39.9 million patients had been infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) worldwide (3). Despite the impressive progress that has been made in efforts to reduce rates of AIDS in recent years, global initiatives have called for the number of new HIV infections to be controlled at 370,000 by 2025 and 335,000 by 2030. The most up-to-date estimates indicate that although the world is progressing in the correct direction, countries worldwide remain far from achieving these goals (4). In 2023, approximately 1 million adolescents between the ages of 15 and 19 were infected with HIV worldwide. Adolescents account for approximately 3% of all HIV infections and approximately 12% of new HIV infections among adults. Aside from Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and Latin America contain the highest number of HIV-positive adolescents (5). Adolescents and young adults account for an increasing share of the global HIV burden (6). As a sexually active population, young students constitute a key group for AIDS prevention and control efforts in China (7). In recent years, approximately 3,000 cases of HIV infection among young students have been reported in China each year, and sexual activity has been identified as the main route of transmission; furthermore, efforts targeting epidemic prevention and control among young students have encountered severe challenges (8, 9).
The statistics provided by the monitoring report management module of the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System indicated that in December 31, 2023, more than 16,000 living patients with HIV/AIDS resided in Guangzhou, China, and adolescents between the ages of 15 and 24 years accounted for 20.9–23.5% of such cases. From 2018 to 2023, adolescents between the ages of 15 and 24 years in Guangzhou accounted for 3.4–5.0% of new reports of HIV/AIDS. Among newly infected patients in 2023, individuals who had obtained a college degree or higher level of accounted for 51.8% of the total. Highly educated men who have sex with men are a high-risk group with respect to HIV infection and transmission in Guangzhou. To our knowledge, no surveys have yet been conducted to measure AIDS knowledge, sexual attitudes, and behaviors among Chinese college students simultaneously. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the sexual attitudes, sexual behavior, AIDS knowledge, and use of preventative services exhibited by college students in Guangzhou, China.
Materials and methodologyData source
In November 2024, a cross-sectional survey was conducted at 13 universities in Guangzhou, China. Respondents used their mobile phones to scan a quick response (QR) code that enabled them to log into the Wenjuanxing survey platform1 to facilitate data collection. A stratified cluster random sampling method was used to select 13 universities from all universities in Guangzhou; the sample included three comprehensive universities, three medical universities, three science and technology universities, two art universities, one normal university, and one language university. In the selected schools, undergraduate students in each grade from no less than two classes were randomly screened, as were graduate students at each school from no less than two classes. All responses to the questionnaire were provided anonymously by the respondents, and the information collected as part of this survey was provided voluntarily. Questionnaires were linked with respondents’ mobile phone numbers, and each phone number was limited to one questionnaire. A total of 12,662 questionnaires were collected. On this basis, 30 questionnaires that were completed in less than 120 s or that featured the same option as a selection for multiple questions were excluded. The remaining 12,632 valid questionnaires were included in the analysis, for an effective rate of 99.76%.
Survey design
In the first part of the study, the sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents were collected, including their gender, age, nationality, school classification, major, grade, accommodation methods, family residence, places of origin, and average monthly living expenses.
In the second part of the study, we used the “Questionnaire Concerning AIDS Knowledge among Young Students,” which was compiled by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention to evaluate the respondents’ levels of HIV-related knowledge (10). The questionnaire contained 8 questions. Scores on the questionnaire were calculated as follows: each correct answer was awarded 1 point, and the total score represented the total number of correct answers (0–8 points). A score of 6 or higher was considered to indicate the presence of such knowledge.
In the third section, the respondents’ sexual attitudes, sexual behaviors, and health education pertaining to AIDS were evaluated.
Statistical methods
Mplus 8.3 software was used to conduct a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with the goal of testing the construct validity of the Questionnaire Concerning AIDS Knowledge among Young Students. The parameters were estimated via the weighted least square mean and variance adjusted (WLSMV) method. These rates, percentages and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to describe the demographic variables, i.e., AIDS knowledge, awareness, sexual attitudes and behaviors, and the use of preventative services. Data analysis was performed with the assistance of SPSS 25.0 software. Percentages and 95% CIs were used to describe categorical variables. The chi-square test was performed to examine the differences between two or more categorical variables. Spearman’s correlation was used to evaluate the correlations among major statistical variables. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to explore the main influences on college students’ knowledge of AIDS. All tests performed as part of this research were two-sided, and the level of significance was set at p < 0.05.
ResultsSociodemographic characteristics
A total of 12,632 valid questionnaires were included in the analysis, including 5,973 (47.28%) responses provided by males and 6,659 (52.72%) provided by females. The respondents were mainly between the ages of 18 and 22 years; this age group accounted for 85.70% of the total. The respondents were recruited from six types of universities, including comprehensive universities (21.41%), medical universities (37.69%), science and technology universities (21.82%), art universities (10.32%), normal universities (4.91%), and language universities (3.86%) (see Table 1).
General demographic characteristics (n = 12,632).
Item
Category
Number
Percentage (%)
Sex
Male
5,973
47.28
Female
6,659
52.72
Age (years)
<18
236
1.87
18–
3,459
27.38
19–
2,703
21.40
20–
1,993
15.78
21–
1,529
12.10
22–
1,141
9.03
≥23
1,571
12.44
Nationality
Han
12,026
95.20
Minority
606
4.80
School type
Comprehensive University
2,704
21.41
Medical University
4,761
37.69
Polytechnic and Technological University
2,756
21.82
Art University
1,303
10.32
Normal University
620
4.91
Language University
488
3.86
Specialty
Engineering
4,408
34.90
Medicine
2,904
22.99
Science
1,799
14.24
Management
1,135
8.99
Literature
879
6.96
Economics
518
4.10
Jurisprudence
369
2.92
Pedagogy
386
3.06
Others (philosophy, history, military science, agriculture, etc.)
234
1.85
Current stage of study
Freshman
4,940
39.11
Sophomore
2,246
17.78
Junior
1,937
15.33
Senior
1,629
12.90
Postgraduate
1,650
13.06
Doctoral
230
1.82
Lodging
Student dormitories
12,230
96.82
Living with family/shared flats/living alone
402
3.18
Registered permanent residence
City
8,070
63.89
Township/Urban–rural junction
2,598
20.57
Countryside
1,964
15.55
Family status
Family of origin
11,593
91.77
Combined families
339
2.68
Divorced families
582
4.61
Others
118
0.93
Region of source of students
Chinese mainland
12,187
96.48
Hong Kong/Macau/Taiwan
445
3.52
Average monthly living expenses (yuan)
<1,000
574
4.54
1,000–
7,390
58.50
2,000–
3,862
30.57
>3,000
806
6.38
Reliability and validity tests
The reliability and validity of the AIDS-related measurements were tested. Internal consistency reliability, convergent validity and construct validity were used to test the reliability and validity of the module used to investigate respondents’ levels of AIDS knowledge. The Cronbach’s α coefficient was calculated with the assistance of SPSS 25.0 to test the internal consistency reliability of the questionnaire. A CFA was conducted to check the construct validity with the assistance of Mplus 8.4. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) value for this scale was 0.762, which was statistically significant according to Bartlett’s test (p < 0.001). The results of the CFA indicated that the comparative fit index (CFI) was 0.459, the Tucker–Lewis index (TLI) was 0.278, the standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) was 0.204, and the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) was <0.001. All factor loadings were >0.5. The Cronbach’s α coefficient for this scale was 0.685. These results revealed that this scale exhibited good reliability and validity (Figure 1).
The main reasons for not using condoms.
AIDS knowledge
A total of 11,587 (91.73, 95% CIs: 91.25–92.21%) students were determined to possess AIDS knowledge, 5,665 of whom (accounting for 44.85% of the total, 95% CIs: 43.98–45.72%) answered all the items included in the questionnaire correctly. In this context, the item “After engaging in high-risk behaviors (such as sharing needles and syringes/unsafe sexual behaviors), you should actively seek HIV testing and counseling” was associated with the highest accuracy rate (97.97, 95% CIs: 97.72–98.21%). The item “The HIV epidemic among students has increased; the main mode of transmission is male homosexuality, followed by heterosexuality” was associated with the lowest accuracy rate (80.84, 95% CIs: 80.16–81.53%) (see Table 2).
Cognitive levels on the HIV/AIDS knowledge among the college students in Guangzhou, China (n = 12,632).
Question
Correct
Incorrect
Have no idea
Awareness percentage (95%CI)
q1: AIDS a serious and incurable infectious disease
10,341
1,921
370
81.86 (81.19–82.54)
q2: At present, the prevalence of AIDS among young students in China is growing rapidly, and the main mode of transmission is male homosexual sex, followed by heterosexual sex
10,212
1,483
937
80.84 (80.16–81.53)
q3: It is impossible to judge whether a person is infected with HIV by their appearance
10,967
928
737
86.82 (86.23–87.41)
q4: Ordinary life and study contact do not infect HIV
11,154
958
520
88.30 (87.74–88.86)
q5: Consistent and correct use of condoms can reduce the risk of contracting and transmitting HIV
12,094
257
281
95.74 (95.39–96.09)
q6: The use of new drugs (e.g., methamphetamine, ecstasy, K powder, etc.) increases the risk of HIV infection
10,964
889
779
86.80 (86.21–87.39)
q7: HIV testing and counseling should be sought after high-risk behaviors (e.g., needle sharing, drug use/unsafe sex, etc.)
12,375
71
186
97.97 (97.72–98.21)
q8: The rights and interests of HIV-infected persons such as marriage, employment, and school enrollment are protected by Chinese laws
10,842
430
1,360
85.83 (85.22–86.44)
Influences on AIDS knowledge
The results of a chi-square analysis revealed that students aged ≥20 years (χ2 = 5.324, p < 0.05), graduate students (χ2 = 5.324, p < 0.05), undergraduate students in years 3–5 (χ2 = 5.090, p < 0.05), students living in dormitories (χ2 = 16.009, p < 0.001), those whose place of origin was mainland China (χ2 = 168.937, p < 0.001), and those whose average monthly living expenses were ≥1,000 RMB exhibited higher levels of AIDS knowledge. The levels of knowledge exhibited by college students in different schools differed (χ2 = 108.121, p < 0.001); namely, the level of knowledge exhibited by students at science and technology universities was the highest (94.45%), whereas that exhibited by students at art universities was the lowest (85.34%). The levels of knowledge exhibited by college students with different majors also differed (χ2 = 198.180, p < 0.001); namely, the level of knowledge exhibited by college students majoring in engineering was the highest (94.06%), whereas that exhibited by college students majoring in philosophy, history, military affairs, or agronomy was the lowest (79.91%) (see Table 3).
Knowledge of HIV/AIDS (n = 12,632).
Item
Number
Aware
Percentage (%)
χ2
P
Sex
Male
5,973
5,474
91.65
0.099
0.752
Female
6,659
6,113
91.80
Age(years)
<20
6,398
5,833
91.17
5.324
0.021
≥20
6,234
5,754
92.30
School type
Polytechnic and Technological University
2,756
2,603
94.45
108.121
<0.001
Normal University
620
583
94.03
Language University
488
458
93.85
Medical University
4,761
4,378
91.96
Comprehensive University
2,704
2,453
90.72
Art University
1,303
1,112
85.34
Specialty
Engineering
4,408
4,146
94.06
198.180
<0.001
Jurisprudence
369
345
93.50
Science
1,799
1,668
92.72
Medicine
2,904
2,677
92.18
Management
1,135
1,036
91.28
Literature
879
779
88.62
Pedagogy
386
335
86.79
Economics
518
414
79.92
Others (philosophy, history, military science, agriculture, etc.)
234
187
79.91
Current stage of study
Undergraduate
10,752
9,833
91.45
7.179
0.007
Postgraduate/doctoral
1,880
1,754
93.30
Grade
Freshman/sophomore
7,186
6,541
91.02
5.090
0.024
Junior/senior
3,566
3,292
93.30
Lodging
Student dormitories
12,230
11,240
97.91
16.009
<0.001
(Living with family/shared flats/living alone)
402
347
86.32
Registered permanent residence
Chinese mainland
12,187
11,253
92.34
168.937
<0.001
Hong Kong/Macau/ Taiwan
445
334
75.06
Monthly expenses
Under 1,000 yuan
574
500
87.11
16.909
<0.001
1,000 yuan and above
12,058
11,087
91.95
The correlation coefficients among variables were calculated before the multivariate analysis was conducted. Strong correlations were observed among the variables pertaining to students’ age, school classification, major, academic level, and place of origin (see Table 4).
Spearman correlation analysis among the main factor.
Age (years)
School type
Specialty
Lodging
Region of source of students
Monthly expenses
Age(years)
1
−0.055**
−0.032**
−0.077**
0.052**
−0.029**
School type
−0.055**
1
0.255**
0.079**
0.195**
0.017
Specialty
−0.032**
0.255**
1
0.083**
0.29**
0.024**
Lodging
0.077**
0.079**
0.083**
1
0.049**
0.002
Region of source of students
0.052**
0.195**
0.290**
0.049**
1
0.004
Monthly expenses
−0.029**
0.017
−0.024**
0.002
0.004
1
**P < 0.01.
The results of a multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the main influences on college students’ levels of AIDS knowledge were age, school classification, majors, accommodation method, place of origin, and average monthly living expenses. In this context, the level of AIDS knowledge possessed by college students who were 20 years old or older was 1.152 times that possessed by students who were younger than 20 years old. The level of AIDS knowledge possessed by students from mainland China was 2.555 times that possessed by students from Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. Finally, the level of AIDS knowledge possessed by students whose average monthly living expenses were greater than 1,000 RMB was 1.695 times that possessed by other students (see Table 5).
Multivariate unconditional logistic regression on awareness of HIV/AIDS.
Variables
B
S.E.
Wald x2
P
OR
95%CI
Constant
−3.034
0.086
1250.406
<0.001
Age
≥20 years old
0.141
0.067
4.409
0.036
1.152
1.0096–1.314
<20 years old (Ref.)
School type
Comprehensive University
0.245
0.107
5.224
0.022
1.278
1.036–1.577
Medical University
0.444
0.089
24.662
<0.001
1.558
1.308–1.857
Others (Language University, Normal University, Polytechnic, Technological University, etc.)
0.729
0.135
29.314
<0.001
2.073
1.592–2.700
Art University (Ref.)
Specialty
Economics
0.284
0.116
6.044
0.014
1.329
1.059–1.667
Pedagogy/literature
0.334
0.129
6.760
0.009
1.397
1.086–1.798
Management
0.720
0.174
17.123
<0.001
2.054
1.461–2.889
Medicine/science/jurisprudence/engineering
0.770
0.196
15.411
<0.001
2.159
1.470–3.171
Others (philosophy, history, military science, agriculture, etc.) (Ref.)
Lodging
Student dormitories
0.348
0.155
5.038
0.025
1.417
1.045–1.921
(Living with family/Shared flats/Living alone) (Ref.)
Registered permanent residence
Chinese mainland
0.938
0.177
28.009
<0.001
2.555
1.805–3.617
Hong Kong, Macau or Taiwan (Ref.)
Monthly expenses (yuan)
≥1,000 yuan
0.528
0.132
15.999
<0.001
1.695
1.309–2.195
<1,000 yuan (Ref.)
Sexual attitudes
A total of 6,176 (48.89, 95% CIs: 48.02–49.76%) students reported that they accepted sexual behavior among college students. Among males and females, these percentages were 63.65% (95% CIs: 62.43–64.87%) and 35.65% (95% CIs: 34.50–36.80%), respectively, and this difference was statistically significant (χ2 = 5.344, p = 0.021).
Among college students who reported their acceptance of such sexual behavior, the percentage of students who possessed AIDS knowledge (49.23%) was higher than that of students who did not possess AIDS knowledge (45.17%), and this difference was statistically significant (χ2 = 6.324, p = 0.012). In this context, the percentage of males who possessed AIDS knowledge (64.10%) was higher than that of males who did not possess AIDS knowledge (59.00%), and this difference was also statistically significant (χ2 = 5.344, p = 0.021). Furthermore, the percentage of females who possessed AIDS knowledge (64.10%) was higher than that of females who did not possess AIDS knowledge (59.00%), and this difference was statistically significant (χ2 = 4.561, p = 0.033). Finally, the percentage of graduate students (including both master’s and doctoral students) who possessed AIDS knowledge (65.79%) was higher than that of those who did not possess AIDS knowledge (48.41%), and this difference too was statistically significant (χ2 = 15.533, p < 0.001) (see Table 6).
Attitudes toward sexual behavior among the college students in Guangzhou China (n = 12,632).
Item
Knowledge of HIV/AIDS
Number
Accept college student sexual behavior
χ2
P
Number
%
Gender
Male
Unaware
522
308
59.00
5.344
0.021
Aware
5,451
3,494
64.10
Total
5,973
3,802
63.65
Female
Unaware
523
164
31.36
4.561
0.033
Aware
6,136
2,210
36.02
Total
6,659
2,374
35.65
Grade
Undergraduate
Unaware
919
411
44.72
0.813
0.367
Aware
9,833
4,550
46.27
Total
10,752
4,961
46.14
Freshman
Unaware
435
179
41.15
0.580
0.446
Aware
4,505
1,939
43.04
Total
4,940
2,118
42.87
Sophomore
Unaware
210
107
50.95
1.132
0.287
Aware
2,036
959
47.10
Total
2,246
1,066
47.46
Junior
Unaware
158
72
45.57
0.624
0.429
Aware
1,779
869
48.85
Total
1,937
941
48.58
Senior
Unaware
116
53
45.69
1.585
0.208
Aware
1,513
783
51.75
Total
1,629
836
51.32
Postgraduate/doctoral
Unaware
126
61
48.41
15.533
<0.001
Aware
1,754
1,154
65.79
Total
1,880
1,215
64.63
All respondents
Unaware
1,045
472
45.17
6.324
0.012
Aware
11,587
5,704
49.23
Total
12,632
6,176
48.89
Among all respondents, among students who indicated their acceptance of “one-night stands” or online “dates for sex,” the percentage of individuals who possessed AIDS knowledge (6.64, 95% CIs: 6.18–7.09%) was significantly lower than that of individuals who did not possess such knowledge (8.90, 95% CIs: 7.17–10.63%) (χ2 = 7.719, p = 0.005). In terms of the proportion of students who expressed their disapproval of multiple sexual partners, the percentage of individuals who possessed AIDS knowledge (76.09, 95% CIs: 75.32–76.87%) was significantly higher than that of individuals who did not possess such knowledge (65.84, 95% CIs: 62.96–68.72%) (χ2 = 54.136, p < 0.001). Among students who reported that they “would use condoms if they had sex,” the percentage of individuals who possessed AIDS knowledge (90.26, 95% CIs: 89.72–90.80%) was significantly higher than that of individuals who did not possess such knowledge (77.03, 95% CIs: 74.48–79.59%) (χ2 = 54.136, p < 0.001).
Sexual behaviors
Among all the college students who were interviewed as part of this research, 1,645 (13.02, 95% CIs: 12.44–13.61%) reported that they had engaged in sexual activities, accounting for 14.18% (95% CIs: 13.30–15.07%) of males and 11.98% (95% CIs: 11.20–12.76%) of females.
Among college students who reported engaging in sexual activity, the median age of first sexual activity was 19 years; in particular, 49 students reported that they first engaged in sexual activity at the age of <14 years (2.98%), 201 students reported doing so at an age between 14 and 17 years (12.22%), and 1,395 students reported doing so at 18 years of age or older (84.80%). The proportion of students who reported a history of sexual behavior tended to increase as students’ grade in college increased (χ2 trend text = 1411.260, R = 0.274, p < 0.001); namely, this group of students accounted for 5.16% of freshmen, 11.9% of sophomores, 14.3% of juniors, 15.59% of fourth-year and fifth-year students, 29.27% of master’s students, and 55.22% of doctoral students.
In terms of respondents’ answers concerning their sexual partners, 1,570 students (95.44%) reported sexual relationships with their spouses or heterosexual romantic partners, 104 students (6.32%) reported sexual relationships with ordinary friends, 78 students (4.74%) reported sexual relationships with friends whom they met online, 63 students (3.83%) reported casual sexual relationships on the basis of monetary transactions, and 109 students (6.63, 95% CIs: 5.42–7.83%) reported two or more of the types of sexual partners mentioned above. A total of 109 students (0.86%) indicated that they had been forced to engage in sexual activities.
A total of 1,011 students reported information concerning their sexual partners during the past year; in this context, 807 students (79.82%) reported sexual relationships with their spouses or heterosexual partners, 327 students (32.34%) reported noncommercial sexual activity, 48 (4.75%) reported commercial sexual activities through monetary transactions, and 83 (8.21%) reported being men who had sexual relationships with men.
Condom use
Among the 1,303 students who reported their frequency of condom use during the past year, 919 (70.53, 95% CIs: 68.05–73.01%) reported that they used condoms each time, 212 (16.27, 95% CIs: 14.26–18.28%) reported that they used condoms occasionally, and 172 (13.20, 95% CIs: 11.36–15.04%) reported that they never used condoms. Among the 48 individuals who reported commercial sex on the basis of monetary transactions, only 9 students (18.75, 95% CIs: 7.30–30.20%) reported that they used condoms each time, 5 students (10.42, 95% CIs: 1.45–19.38%) reported that they used condoms occasionally, and 34 students (70.83, 95% CIs: 57.50–84.17%) reported that they never used condoms. Among the 83 men who had sex with men included in this research, only 40 students (48.19, 95% CIs: 37.22–59.17%) reported that they used condoms each time, 21 (25.30, 95% CIs: 15.75–34.85%) reported that they used condoms occasionally, and 22 (26.51, 95% CIs: 16.81–36.20%) reported that they had never used condoms (see Table 7). During the past year, among respondents who possessed AIDS knowledge, the percentages of students who reported that they used condoms each time they engaged in sexual activities (i.e., 77.58% among those who engaged in such activities with a “spouse or cohabiting heterosexual partner,” 72.16% among those who did so with a “causal sexual partner,” and 48.19% among those who did so with “male same-sex sexual partners”) were greater than the corresponding percentages among students who did not possess AIDS knowledge, and these differences were statistically significant (p < 0.01). Students who did not possess AIDS knowledge failed to use condoms each time when they engaged in sexual activities with male same-sex partners (see Table 8).
Frequency of condom use during sexual intercourse in the last year.
a,e Bonferroni pairwise comparison results, the same letter indicates that the difference is statistically significant (P < 0.05). b,c,d,f Bonferroni pairwise comparison results, the same letter indicates that the difference is statistically significant (P < 0.001).
Comparison between knowledge of HIV/AIDS and frequency of condom use during sexual activity in the past year.
The respondents reported their reasons for failing to use condoms when they engaged in sexual relationships with different partners. The main reasons reported for failing to use condoms during the first sexual act were “thought that there was no need to use” (32.12%), “forgot to use” (16.6%), and “used other contraceptive methods” (1.95%). The main reasons reported for failing to use condoms during sexual activities with one’s spouse or cohabiting heterosexual partners were “I did not think that it was necessary to use it” (41.07%), “I used other contraceptive methods” (17.86%), and “I did not want to use it” (12.50%). The main reasons reported for failing to use condoms during sexual activity with a casual partner were “did not buy condoms” (26.43%), “I did not think that it was necessary to use condoms” (24.53%), “the condoms were too expensive” (9.43%), and “I was embarrassed to buy condoms” (9.43%). The main reasons reported for failing to use condoms during sexual activities with a commercial sex partner on the basis of a monetary transaction were “did not buy condoms” (48.00%), “I did not think that there was any need to use condoms” (16.00%), and “forgot to use condoms” (8.00%). The main reasons reported for failing to use condoms during same-sex sexual activities were “I did not think that it was necessary to use condoms” (41.67%) and “I did not know where to buy condoms” (16.67%) (see Figure 1).
Preventive services
The college students who were interviewed as part of this research acquired their AIDS knowledge mainly from social software, television/radio, and school health education (see Figure 2).
Main sources of HIV/AIDS knowledge (n = 12,632).
School courses, publicity materials, and internet inquiries were the most preferable means by which these college students acquired AIDS knowledge (see Figure 3).
Favorite way to get knowledge about HIV/AIDS (n = 12,632).
The favorite forms of AIDS publicity activities reported by these college students were video animation design competitions, volunteer participation, and knowledge competitions (see Figure 4).
Favorite form of AIDS awareness campaign (n = 12,632).
Discussion and recommendations
The results of this study revealed that the total level of AIDS prevention knowledge exhibited by the college students who responded to this survey was 91.73%. This percentage was higher than the corresponding figures reported in the following studies: Zeng et al. (11), which focused on medical students in Fujian Province in southeastern China from 2022 to 2023 (72.41%); Zhang et al. (12), which focused on college students in Henan Province in central China in 2020 (80.8%); Hu et al. (13), which focused on college students recruited from 5 colleges and universities in Hunan Province in central-southern China from 2022 to 2023 (86.34%); Tu et al. (14), which focused on junior college students in Jiangsu Province in central and eastern China (87.4%); and Liu et al. (15), which focused on junior college students in Tianjin (87.33%) in northern China. The differences in the results of these surveys, which were conducted in different regions of China, may be related to the lack of unified policies and teaching standards pertaining to the health education of college students across different regions. Only 44.85% of the respondents answered all eight questions correctly, which revealed a tremendous gap with respect to the goal of “China’s AIDS Containment and Prevention Program (2024–2030)” (16), which uses “more than 95% awareness among key populations and groups that engage in HIV risk behaviors” as a working indicator. Only 2 items were associated with awareness rates higher than 95% (i.e., the awareness rate of q5 was 95.74%, and the awareness rate of q7 was 97.97%), and the awareness rates associated with the remaining 6 items ranged between 80.84 and 88.30% (in particular, q2, “The current prevalence of HIV among young students in China is rapidly increasing, and the main mode of transmission is male homosexual behavior, followed by heterosexual sexual behavior,” was associated with the lowest awareness rate of 80.84%, while the awareness rate of q1, “AIDS is a serious incurable infectious disease,” was 81.86%). These results were similar to those that have been reported by various foreign scholars who have conducted similar surveys (17–19). The lack of a correct understanding of the incurable nature of AIDS seriously affected the level of importance that college students attach to HIV prevention. Ignorance of sexual behavior, which is the main route of transmission, also affected perceptions of risky sexual behavior among college students and the implementation of more effective measures in this context. Regarding personal protection measures, Chinese universities should strengthen their methods of AIDS prevention and control with the aim of spreading AIDS knowledge among college students and raising awareness of the need for self-protection in this regard.
The results of this study revealed that there were no significant differences in the levels of AIDS knowledge among college students of different genders. This finding was similar to those of Qashqari et al. (20), who surveyed 2,081 residents of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Thanduxolo (21) who surveyed 422 students aged 15–21 years in South Africa, and Dzah et al. (18), who surveyed adolescents aged 15–24 years in Ghana. Khan et al. (22) conducted a survey of the general population in Kyrgyzstan; the results revealed that females were significantly higher than males in terms of correct knowledge of mother-to-child transmission and blood-borne transmission, but there were no significant differences in knowledge of sexual transmission. The differences in the findings of different scholars may be related to the level of local national education and the strategies used to promote AIDS knowledge.
The results of this study revealed that college students who were 20 years old or older exhibited higher levels of AIDS knowledge. Furthermore, the level of AIDS prevention knowledge exhibited by college students in higher grades was higher than that students in lower grades, and the level of such knowledge exhibited by graduate students was higher than that exhibited by undergraduate students. Moreover, college students acquired AIDS knowledge mainly from social software, television/radio, and school health education; this finding may be related to the characteristics of Chinese college students and the educational methods used in China. Most high schools in China do not allow students to bring mobile phones to school. Parents also limit the time available to high school students to surf the internet or watch television. In addition, Chinese high schools rarely provide courses in AIDS health education. The junior college students who participated in this study, especially freshmen who enrolled in September, had been enrolled for only 2 months at the time of the survey. Therefore, with the exception of some universities that offered AIDS health education courses after enrolment, the level of knowledge exhibited by these freshman was equivalent to that of high school students. Liu et al. (23) conducted a study in Qinghai Province, China; the results revealed that the level of AIDS knowledge among freshmen who received school health education increased from 48.59% before they received such education to 76.24% thereafter. School health education is an important strategy that can be used to improve college students’ AIDS knowledge (14, 24). Previous studies have reported that junior college students who seek sexual freedom face the risk of HIV transmission and that providing HIV health education as soon as possible is a protective factor with respect to college students’ sexual behavior (25–27). Shokoohi et al. (28) divided Iranian youth aged 15–29 into three age groups: 15–18 years old, 19–24 years old, and 25–29 years old; the results revealed that the level of AIDS knowledge among young people in the upper age group was significantly higher than that in the lower age group. Khargekar et al. (29) conducted a survey of 401 undergraduate and graduate students in four universities and colleges in India and found that age, gender, and education level had no significant impact on AIDS knowledge. The discrepancies in these findings further suggest that it is important for governments to conduct adequate surveys in the areas where the policies are implemented and to formulate more suitable prevention and control strategies based on the actual conditions in their regions.
The results of a multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the level of AIDS knowledge exhibited by students in mainland China was 2.5 times that exhibited by students in Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan. This finding may be related to differences in the distribution of AIDS health education resources across schools that operate on the basis of different systems in China (30, 31). Colleges and universities in mainland China should thus focus on the students from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan with respect to the development of AIDS health education. The level of AIDS knowledge exhibited by college students whose average monthly living expenses were RMB 1,000 or higher was nearly 1.7 times that exhibited by other college students. This finding may be related to the fact that students whose monthly living expenses are low pay less attention to knowledge pertaining to AIDS prevention and control (32).
The results of this study suggested that the proportion of students who reported a history of sexual behavior increased alongside their grade in college; namely, the percentages of sophomores (11.9%), fourth-year students and fifth-year students (15.59%), master’s students (29.27%), and doctoral students (55.22%) were approximately one, three, six and 11 times that of the freshmen (5.16%), respectively. The overall rate of sexual behaviors among college students identified in this survey was 13.02%, which was higher than the value reported by Liu et al. (33) on the basis of a convenience sampling survey of 7,346 students across 5 universities in Guangzhou, which was conducted between November and December 2021 (9.08%). The overall rate of sexual behaviors was lower than has been reported in a meta-analysis of the rate of sexual behavior among college students in mainland China (15.1%) (34); this difference may be related to the relatively high proportion of junior students included in this survey. A total of 6.63% of the respondents who reported engaging in sexual intercourse mentioned that they had noncommercial sex with casual partners; this value was lower than a corresponding figure that has been reported in Zhejiang, China (20%) (35). A total of 3.83% of the respondents who reported engaging in sexual activities mentioned that they had casual sexual relations on the basis of monetary transactions; this value was lower than a corresponding figure that has been reported in Beijing, China (17.7%) (36).
In the past year, the percentages of students who reported that they insisted on using condoms when they engaged in sexual activities with heterosexual partners (76.09%) and casual sexual partners (69.42%) were higher than the corresponding figures reported by Chen et al. (37), who surveyed college students from three universities in Shenzhen between October 2015 and January 2016 (heterosexual couples 61.72%, casual sexual partners 55.22%). However, the percentage of students who reported that they insisted on using condoms during sexual activities was lower than of the corresponding figures reported by Chen et al. (37) with regard to individuals who engaged in sexual activities with commercial sexual partners (18.75% vs. 79.79%) or same-sex sexual partners (48.19% vs., 56.52%). The percentage of students who reported that they insisted on using condoms when they engaged in sexual activities with casual partners during the past year was also higher than the corresponding figure (40.09%) reported by Yan et al. (38), who surveyed college students at 13 universities in Zhejiang Province in 2018. The percentages of students who possessed AIDS knowledge and used condoms each time they engaged in sexual activities with “casual sexual partners” or “male same-sex partners” during the past year were greater than the corresponding percentages of students who did not possess AIDS knowledge, thus indicating that increasing AIDS knowledge is helpful with respect to efforts to promote condom use. Individuals who did not possess AIDS knowledge reported that they did not use condoms each time they engaged in sexual activities with male same-sex partners, thus increasing the risk of HIV transmission via male homosexual sex among college students. The main reason for failing to use condoms during sexual activities with casual sexual partners (26.43%) and commercial sexual partners on the basis of monetary transactions (48.00%) was “did not buy condoms.” The main reason for failing to use a condom during same-sex sexual activity was “I did not think that it was necessary to use condoms” (41.67%). These findings may be related to the insufficient risk assessment ability of college students with respect to sexual behavior. The promotion and use of condoms are important components of interventions targeting high-risk AIDS behavior (39). The task of enabling college students to assess the risks entailed by sexual behavior correctly and to employ appropriate coping methods should be a major focus of future research on this topic.
The proportion of the college students included in this survey who reported that they had acquired AIDS knowledge from social software was the highest (76.96%); this finding was similar to the results reported by Ajwah et al. (40). However, nearly one-third of the respondents reported that their favorite means of acquiring AIDS knowledge was school courses (30.90%), and only 17.67% reported that their favorite means of acquiring such knowledge was the internet; these findings were consistent with the observations of Deng et al. (41) in Huizhou, China, However, such findings were not consistent with the observations of Tsegay et al. (42), who reported that most students prefer to acquire AIDS knowledge via the internet. This study reveals that students typically hope to acquire AIDS knowledge from schools; however, schools have failed to meet the needs of students, thus leading students to turn to the internet as a source of information. Mastery of correct AIDS knowledge is an important foundation for efforts to reduce high-risk behaviors as well as the risk of HIV transmission (43). AIDS knowledge courses can be developed in schools by combining traditional onsite teaching with online classrooms, social platforms and organized activities with the goals of meeting the knowledge needs of college students and enhancing their AIDS knowledge across multiple dimensions (44, 45).
This study shows that the overall level of AIDS knowledge among college students in Guangzhou, China, was relatively high, but the correct understanding of some of the knowledge was still insufficient. The level of AIDS knowledge of college students was affected by a variety of factors, and policymakers should provide multi-level interventions for students in the lower grades, non-Chinese mainland students (Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan students), students living in student dormitories, sexual history, and low average monthly living expenses, so as to further improve the level of AIDS knowledge of college students. The AIDS knowledge level of college students was affected by a variety of factors, and policymakers should provide multi—level interventions for lower—grade students, non—Chinese mainland students (Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan students), students living in dormitories, students with sexual history, and students with low average monthly living expenses, so as to further improve the AIDS knowledge level of college students.
Data availability statement
The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found in the article/supplementary material.
Ethics statement
The studies involving humans were approved by Academic Committee of Panyu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou. The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. The participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.
The author(s) declare that financial support was received for the research and/or publication of this article. This work was supported by the grant from the key medical and health projects of Panyu District, Guangzhou (Grant NO. 2023-Z04-105).
We’re really thankful to the participants who volunteered for this study and the college administrators who lent their support to this research.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Supplementary material
The Supplementary material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1595827/full#supplementary-material
1https://www.wjx.cn
ReferencesMoneyDM. HIV/AIDS is not over. J Obstetr Gynaecol Canada. (2022) 44:1240–1. doi: 10.1016/j.jogc.2022.10.007ThorntonJ. Botswana's HIV/AIDS success. Lancet. (2022) 400:480–1. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01523-9UNAIDS. Latest global and regional HIV statistics—fact sheet 2024. (2024).WHO. World health statistics 2024: Monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals. Geneva: WHO (2024).UNICEF. Adolescent HIV prevention: In order to ramp up our efforts in the fight against AIDS, there is a need for more concentrated focus on adolescents and young people. (2024).UNAIDS. HIV/AIDS JUNPo: The path that ends AIDS: UNAIDS global AIDS update 2023. Geneva: UNAIDS (2023).HeN. Research progress in the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in China. China CDC Weekly. (2021) 3:1022–30. doi: 10.46234/ccdcw2021.249, PMID: 34888119HanMJChenQFXuPShiY. Strive for a new journey in AIDS prevention and control during the 13th five-year: review and prospect of AID Sprevention and control in China. Chin J AIDS STD. (2021) 27:1327–31. doi: 10.13419/j.cnki.aids.2021.12.01CaiCTangHLChenFFLiDMLyuP. Characteristies and trends of newly reported HIV infecting in young students in China, 2010-2019. Chin J Epidemiol. (2020) 41:1455–9. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20200417-00592National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, China CDC. Questionnaire on HIV/AIDS awareness among young students. Available online at: https://www.chinaaids.cn/qsnazbfk/xzzx/201705/P020170510598644914191.pdf.ZengYHKongXRCaoWNShiZLShiYHZhengYT. Current situation of AIDS knowledge among students in a medical college in Fujian Province and analysis of relevant policies in local area. Chinese J Health Educ. (2024) 11:1038–46. doi: 10.16168/j.cnki.issn.1002-9982.2024.11.015ZhangLYuHLuoHRongWLMengXXDuXA. HIV/AIDS-related knowledge and attitudes among chinese college students and associated factors: across-sectional study. Front Public Health. (2022) 9:9. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.804626, PMID: 35096751HuMZouXBHeJMZhengJChenX. Awareness rate of knowledge about AIDS and sexual behavior among university students in Hunan Province, 2022-2023. Pract Prev Med. (2024) 31:1310–3. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-3110.2024.11.007TuFLYangRZLiRDu GPLYYLiWWeiPM. Structural equation model analysis of HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitude, and sex education among freshmen in Jiangsu, China. Front Public Health. (2022) 10:10. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.892422, PMID: 35664113YiLLiuZQWuZMGongHBaiJYYuMH. Current status of AIDS knowledge, attitudes, practices and associated factors of high-risk sexual behavior among college students in Tianjin City. Chin J School Health. (2024) 45:203–206, 212. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2024053General Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China. Circular of the General Office of the State Council on Printing and Distributing China's Plan for Containing and Combating HIV/AIDS(2024-2030). Chinese J AIDS STD. (2024) 30:1227–9.AvinaRMMullenMMshiginiSBecerraMB. I actually don’t know what HIV is: a mixed methods analysis of college students’ HIV literacy. Diseases. (2020) 8:1. doi: 10.3390/diseases8010001, PMID: 31906556DzahSMTarkangEELutalaPM. Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding HIV/AIDS among senior high school students in Sekondi-Takoradi metropolis, Ghana. Afr J Prim Health Care Family Med. (2019) 11:e1–e11. doi: 10.4102/phcfm.v11i1.1875OrlandoGCampanielloMIatostiSGrsdalePJ. Impact of training conferences on high-school students’ knowledge of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). J Prev Med Hyg. (2019) 60:E76–83. doi: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2019.60.2.1072, PMID: 31312736QashqariFSAlsafiRTKabrahSMAlGaryRANaeemSAAlsulamiMS. Knowledge of HIV/AIDS transmission modes and attitudes toward HIV/AIDS infected people and the level of HIV/AIDS awareness among the general population in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. Front Public Health. (2022) 10:955458. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.955458, PMID: 36238245ThanduxoloF. Knowledge, attitude and practices regarding HIV and aids among high school learners in South Africa. Open AIDS J. (2021) 15:84–92. doi: 10.2174/1874613602115010084KhanNHBegMSarwarMZKyzyGZZhetkinbekovaTMamatovA. Assessment of knowledge and attitudes related to HIV/AIDS among the population with increasing incidence rate. Cureus. (2024) 16:e53451. doi: 10.7759/cureus.53451, PMID: 38435229LiuYLuLWangYYMeredithRWRenYMWangCC. GAO J, LIU S: effects of health education on HIV/AIDS related knowledge among first year university students in China. Afr Health Sci. (2020) 20:1582–90. doi: 10.4314/ahs.v20i4.10, PMID: 34394218NutbeamD. From health education to digital health literacy - building on the past to shape the future. Glob Health Promot. (2021) 28:51–5. doi: 10.1177/17579759211044079, PMID: 34719292ZouHCTuckerJDFanSXuJJYuMHLuoZZ. Learning about HIV the hard way: HIV among Chinese MSM attending university. Lancet Infect Dis. (2018) 18:16–8. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30711-9, PMID: 29303730DuncanCMillerDMBorskeyEJFombyBDawsonPDavisL. Barriers to safer sex practices among African American college students. J Natl Med Assoc. (2002) 94:944–51. PMID: 12442997ZhangDGPanHCuiBLLawFFarrarJWilliamBT. Sexual behaviors and awareness of sexually transmitted infections among Chinese university students. J Infect Dev Ctries. (2013) 7:966–74. doi: 10.3855/jidc.3872, PMID: 24334944ShokoohiMKaramouzianMMirzazadehAHaghdoostARafieradAASedaghatA. HIV knowledge, attitudes, and practices of young people in Iran: findings of a national population-based survey in 2013. PLoS One. (2016) 11:e0161849. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161849, PMID: 27626638KhargekarNTakkeAAthalyeSPanalePRajamaniNBanerjeeA. Exploring factors influencing the perspective regarding HIV transmission and prevention among college students in India. J Family Med Prim Care. (2024) 13:1467–72. doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1756_23, PMID: 38827717ZhuZGuoMPetrovskyDVDongTHuYWuB. Age and regional disparity in HIV education among migrants in China: migrants population dynamic monitoring survey, 2014-2015. Int J Equity Health. (2019) 18:104. doi: 10.1186/s12939-019-0999-xZhangRChenLCuiYDLiG. Achievement of interventions on HIV infection prevention among migrants in China: a meta-analysis. SAHARA J. (2018) 15:31–41. doi: 10.1080/17290376.2018.1451773, PMID: 29564968LiHLWuQGaoEZZhangYYinDH. HIV/AIDS-related knowledge and attitudes toward people living with HIV among college students in Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China: a cross-sectional survey. Front Public Health. (2024) 12:1398980. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1398980, PMID: 39450388LiuJLinPXuHFYangFFuXBYaoZL. High-risk sexual behaviors of HIV/AIDS and related factors in young students in Guangzhou. Chinese J Epidemiol. (2024) 45:265–72. doi: 10.3760/CMA.J.CN112338-20230617-00383YangYMShenYLLiSY. Occurrence of sexual behavior among college students in mainland China: a meta-analysis. Chin J Public Health. (2018) 34:142–7.YangZRChenWYJinMHChenWJChenLZhouX. Analysis of factors influencing casual sexual behavior among male college students in Zhejiang province, China. PLoS One. (2021) 16:e0250703. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250703, PMID: 33939731CuiJCZhangXChangCSunXYFanXYShiYH. A comparative study on safe sexual behavior and its intention among college students in Beijing between 2006 and 2016. Chinese J Dis Control Prev. (2019) 23:1191–5. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2019.10.007ChenWYMaQQZhouXChenWJJiangTTWangH. Analysis on condom use in 424 male college students with casual heterosexual behaviors in Zhejiang. Dis Surv. (2022) 37:492–7. doi: 10.3784/jbjc.202107230414YanYYanMLuanRSZhangXXXuSK. Study on the sexual behavior and its influencing factors among college students in Shenzhen, Guangdong. Chin J Sch Health. (2016) 37:1784–6. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817SuXYZhouANLiJJShiLEHuanXPYanHJ. Depression, loneliness, and sexual risk-taking among HIV-negative/unknown men who have sex with men in China. Arch Sex Behav. (2018) 47:1959–68. doi: 10.1007/s10508-017-1061-y, PMID: 29147806AjwahIMAlamriSAAlatawiASAlhawitiRMMirghaniHO. A study of the knowledge about HIV disease (AIDS) among literary section students in Tabuk University. Basic Res J Med Clin Sci. (2017) 6:20–3.DengWFHuangLQiuWQ. Investigation on knowledge awareness rate and prevention needsof AIDS among 12 109 college students in Huizhou City 2021. J Prev Med Informat. (2024). doi: 10.19971/j.cnki.1006-4028.240528TsegayGEdrisMMeseretS. Assessment of voluntary counseling and testing service utilization and associated factors among Debre Markos university students, north West Ethiopia: a cross-sectional survey in 2011. BMC Public Health. (2013) 13:243. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-243, PMID: 23509888GroenendijkALVosWAJWDos SantosJCRokxCvan der VenAJAMVerbonA. Non-AIDS events in individuals with spontaneous control of HIV-1:a systematic review. J Acquir Immun Defic Syndr. (2022) 91:242–50. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000003066, PMID: 35969465ZhengYTZhangXSunXYShiYHChangC. Evaluation of the college-based HIV/AIDS education policy in Beijing, China: a mixed method approach. Environ Health Prev Med. (2020) 25:50. doi: 10.1186/s12199-020-00890-5, PMID: 32912181JonesSGChadwellKOlafsonESimonSFenklEFramilCV. Effectiveness of nursing student-led HIV prevention education for minority college students: the SALSA project. J Health Care Poor Underserved. (2017) 28:33–47. doi: 10.1353/hpu.2017.0051, PMID: 28458263