Pharmacotherapy, notably antidepressants and anxiolytics, is generally utilized in clinical practice for the wide decrease of symptoms. Literature has reported that antidepressants, such as Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) can begin to ameliorate symptoms under the backdrop of the first week of treatment (Taylor et al., 2006; Nakajima et al., 2010). For severely impacted individuals, these medications can quickly mitigate feelings of low mood and anxiety, aiding in the restoration of normal life functioning. Early pharmacological intervention in severe cases is positive in decreasing distress and improving quality of life (Taylor et al., 2006).

Medications act by correcting imbalances in neurotransmitters within the central nervous system, a mechanism critical to a series of treatment protocols (Zhao et al., 2024). For example, GABA and glutamate are the main inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters, respectively, in the CNS, and their dysregulation is tightly associated with different neuropsychiatric disorders (Okada et al., 2023; Kaczmarski et al., 2023). In conditions, such as anxiety and depression, lowered GABAergic function or excessive glutamatergic activity can trigger symptoms (Vecera et al., 2023; Nuss, 2015). Under the backdrop of impacting the activity of these neurotransmitters, such as in the context of improving GABAA receptor function or decreasing NMDA receptors—pharmacotherapy can restore neurological balance and vitally alleviate symptoms (Lv et al., 2023). This mechanistic method underpins the action of numerous anxiolytic and antidepressant drugs (Nuss, 2015).

Notably, for patients with severe major depressive disorder, severe anxiety disorders, or psychotic conditions, pharmacotherapy is commonly an indispensable component of treatment (Seifert et al., 2022). Literature has displayed that antidepressants and antipsychotic medications are positive in controlling these conditions and decreasing suicide risk. In cases of major depression with psychotic features, the integration of antidepressants and antipsychotics has reported positive in managing symptoms and avoiding relapse (Gregory et al., 2017; Flint et al., 2019). In addition, medications, such as olanzapine, clozapine, and certain mood stabilizers (e.g., lithium) show vital effectiveness in decreasing suicide risk (Pompili and Goldblatt, 2012). It is noteworthy that these drugs aid modulate patients’ mood and behavior, hence avoiding dangerous outcomes, such as suicide (Pompili and Goldblatt, 2012). Hence, for this type of patient populations, pharmacotherapy functions not only as a considerable tool for symptom control, but also as a core measure for avoiding disease development and safeguarding life.

Pharmacotherapy is commonly coupled with different side impacts, including drowsiness, weight gain, sexual dysfunction, and gastrointestinal discomfort (Zhou et al., 2023). It is noteworthy that these adverse impacts can negatively influence patients’ quality of life and may even cause treatment discontinuation in several individuals who find them intolerable (Zhou et al., 2023). Numerous general medications, such as antidepressants and antipsychotics, frequently drive these side impacts. For example, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) and antipsychotic drugs commonly trigger sexual dysfunction, including reduced libido or ejaculatory disorders (Bala et al., 2018). It is interesting that weight gain commonly results from drug-driven increased appetite or delayed metabolism, while gastrointestinal issues, such as nausea, constipation, or diarrhea are general short-term side impacts of antidepressants (Montejo et al., 2015). It is noteworthy that these side impacts can severely impact a patient’s quality of life, notably in the context of long-term treatment, possibly causing treatment abandonment. Hence, the clinical control of drug side impacts is critical (Montejo et al., 2015).

Long-term use of certain antidepressants and anxiolytics can cause issues of drug dependency and tolerance. Literature has confirmed that antidepressants, such as SSRIs and benzodiazepines (e.g., diazepam-like drugs) can trigger dependence phenomena with prolonged utilization (Massabki and Abi-Jaoude, 2021). Once dependent, patients may need continuous utilization to sustain emotional stability, which can also precipitate withdrawal symptoms and enhance the risk of relapse upon discontinuation (Moore and Mattison, 2017). In addition, long-term utilization of these medications can cause tolerance, necessitating gradual dose improvements to sustain effectiveness, or even needing a switch to various drugs in several cases. This complicates the treatment regimen and is associated with a higher burden of side impacts and risks (Moore and Mattison, 2017). Hence, in the context of long-term pharmacotherapy for depression and anxiety, regular evaluation of therapeutic effectiveness and a careful weighing of the risks and advantageous of continued medication utilization are commonly suggested to avoid the trigger of dependency and tolerance issues.

The therapeutic impacts of pharmacotherapy are commonly difficult to maintain after drug cessation, and several patients are prone to relapse post-discontinuation (Bogers et al., 2020). This confirms that pharmacotherapy mainly delays symptoms instead of addressing the root trigger of the challenge, a phenomenon general in the treatment of drug dependency and mental disorders. Literature has reported that while pharmacotherapy is positive in the short term, long-term control remains a vital challenge, notably about relapse prevention (Zhu et al., 2018; Sihag et al., 2025). The relapse rate following pharmacological treatment is high, and symptoms commonly reemerge after discontinuation, revealing that symptom control alone is insufficient and stressing the necessity for integrative treatment and long-term control approaches (Care, 1998).

As a non-pharmacological therapy, TC is extensively applicable to different populations, notably those intolerant to medications or sensitive to their side impacts (Lee and Chu, 2023). For instance, studies have reported that TC has vitally improved influences on anxiety and depressive symptoms in older adults, and unlike traditional pharmacotherapy, it does not generate drug-associated side impacts, making it suitable for individuals of various ages and physical conditions (Kuang et al., 2024). This low-intensity exercise form advantages both physical and mental health in the context of facilitating mood, flexibility, and balance (Kuang et al., 2024).

TC can not only modulate physical state, but can also help patients regulate emotions and promote psychological resilience via the cultivation of mindfulness and self-awareness (Chen et al., 2021). Article has revealed that TC, as a mindfulness-oriented physical activity, improves mindfulness, aiding practitioners center on the present moment, decrease stress, and facilitate emotional balance, hence exerting long-term effective influences on mental health (Chen et al., 2021). Particularly, mindfulness-improved TC (such as simplified 24-form TC) can positively decreasee symptoms of depression and anxiety and elevate mental health levels (Kanani et al., 2025; Qu et al., 2024). In addition, via its gentle physical movements and focused breathing exercises, TC can activate the parasympathetic nervous system, decreasing psychological stress (Qu et al., 2024). It is noteworthy that these features cause its vital interventional effectiveness in the range of mental health.

A growing body of literature suggests the potential for long-term benefits from TC practice, particularly in enhancing self-efficacy and coping strategies (Tong et al., 2018). Some RCTs and systematic reviews indicate that TC may contribute to sustained improvements in psychological wellbeing (Taylor-Piliae and Froelicher, 2004). Theoretically, and supported by some observational data, the skills learned through TC (e.g., mindfulness, emotional regulation) could be maintained after cessation of formal practice, which might be associated with a reduced likelihood of symptom relapse compared to abrupt medication withdrawal. However, it is crucial to note that robust, long-term (>1 year) RCT data directly comparing relapse rates between TC and pharmacotherapy are still limited, and these propositions require further longitudinal validation.

Beyond facilitating mental health, TC may also have beneficial effects on physical health. A body of research supports its potential advantages, notably regarding cardiovascular health, and some indicators of immune function, and sleep quality (Thelander and Ring, 2025; Li et al., 2001). Literature has determined that TC may benefit cardiovascular health, with studies showing associations with improved cardiac function, decreasing blood pressure, and facilitating cardiorespiratory endurance (Li et al., 2001; Ren et al., 2017). Moreover, preliminary research indicates that TC could contribute to overall health through mechanisms that may include modulation of immune-related parameters, with particular impacts uncovered notably in older adult populations (Li et al., 2001; Chen et al., 2016). About sleep, TC is considered positive in facilitating sleep quality. Systematic review has revealed that in the context of decreasing anxiety and stress levels, TC can help delay sleep disturbances, particularly among middle-aged and older adults (Ren et al., 2017). Unlike pharmacotherapy, which commonly targets notable symptoms, TC can employs a holistic method to modulation, aiding patients improve both their mental and physical health concurrently, hence elevating their overall health status (Li et al., 2001).

The therapeutic benefits of TC typically require a period of sustained practice to become apparent, unlike the rapid onset of action seen with several medications (Zhu et al., 2010). This is primarily because TC, as a gentle mind–body exercise, works through gradually enhancing bodily coordination, balance, muscle strength, and improving cardiopulmonary function, immunity, and mental health (Li et al., 2001; Solloway et al., 2016). Literature has reported that while TC offers long-term advantages for patients with chronic conditions, such as arthritis and cardiovascular disease, its short-term relief effects are limited for those with acute symptoms or severe conditions (Hall et al., 2017). Therefore, TC is not suitable as a primary intervention for acute symptom crises but is better suited as a long-term adjunctive therapy in chronic disease management.

The effectiveness of TC is closely linked to participant adherence and the specific “dose” of practice—encompassing session duration, weekly frequency, and total intervention period (Yang et al., 2022). Significant health improvements, particularly in managing chronic conditions, require patients to engage in consistent and regular practice over weeks to months (Yang et al., 2022; Yang et al., 2015). This demand for a sustained time commitment and self-discipline can be a barrier. The literature commonly describes heterogeneous intervention protocols (e.g., 60-min sessions, two to three times per week, over 8–12 weeks), making it challenging to define a standardized optimal “dose” comparable to pharmacotherapy (Yang et al., 2015). For patients lacking self-management skills, time, or motivation, maintaining a regular TC practice at an effective dose can be challenging, which limits its recommendation in some populations (Yang et al., 2022).

Although TC has a deep cultural background, issues regarding its standardization in clinical application indeed exist. A systematic review focusing on traditional Chinese exercise therapies noted that variations exist among different TC styles and teaching approaches, which can lead to inconsistent clinical outcomes (Jia et al., 2023). These individual differences are often linked to variations in instructor guidance (Jia et al., 2023). This lack of standardization extends to intervention “dosing,” contrasting with pharmacotherapy, which has strict dosing and usage guidelines providing more predictable effects in clinical practice (Jia et al., 2023).

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) positively addresses psychological issues according to aiding patients recognize and alter negative thought patterns and behavioral responses. Significant study displays CBT’s effectiveness in treating psychological disorders, such as anxiety, depression, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) (Öst et al., 2023; Bhattacharya et al., 2023). It can not only help patients in determining and challenging negative thoughts, but can also alters coping processes via behavioral modifications, hence facilitating mood and symptoms (Watkins et al., 2018). For PTSD, trauma-centered forms of CBT are notably suggested, assisting patients in processing trauma-associated emotions and memories (Nakao et al., 2021). Its wide applicability makes CBT one of the preferred treatment approaches for different mental health issues.

CBT commonly generates impacts within a relatively short course, commonly 12 to 20 sessions. Via clear goal setting and step-by-step behavioral exercises, this therapy enables patients to learn cognitive and behavioral approaches for coping with life’s challenges in a short period. Literature has confirmed that setting explicit treatment goals not only improves therapeutic outcomes, but also aids patients sustain improvements after treatment concludes (Ramnerö and Jansson, 2016). In addition, the structured method of CBT supports active patient participation, and goal setting reinforces patients’ sense of control and engagement in the therapeutic mechansim (Ramnerö and Jansson, 2016).

CBT centers not only on short-term symptom relief, but also on cultivating patients’ self-regulation skills. According to aiding individuals recognize and alter negative thought patterns and enhance self-awareness via behavioral change, CBT can promote the long-term utilization of these techniques, hence avoiding symptom relapse. It is noteworthy that these skills comprise self-monitoring, cognitive restructuring, and behavioral activation, which positively assist patients in controlling emotional and behavioral challenges in daily life (Nakao et al., 2021; Barton et al., 2023). For example, cognitive restructuring seeks to help patients recognize distorted negative thoughts and replace them with more adaptive ones (Nakao et al., 2021). Via these approaches, patients obtain not only short-term symptom alleviation, but also increased self-regulation abilities, hence decreasing the risk of relapse.

Patient participation and capacity for self-reflection are critical in CBT. Nevertheless, implementing CBT can be challenging for patients with decreasing cognitive abilities or poor self-awareness, such as older adults or individuals in poor mental states (Mohlman and Gorman, 2005). Articles have displayed that cognitive functions, such as working memory, selective attention, and fluid intelligence may decrease with age, impacting information processing and self-reflection capabilities in the context of CBT (Evans, 2007; Laidlaw et al., 2003). For these patients, notably those with vital cognitive impairment, severe depression, or anxiety, conventional CBT may have restricted effectiveness (Manard et al., 2014). Adaptations may be necessary, such as outlining information more slowly, improving repetition and summarization, or utilizing numerous sensory modalities (e.g., visual, auditory).

The CBT mechanism commonly needs patients to confront and process negative emotions and traumatic experiences, notably trauma-associated emotional responses (Alpert et al., 2021). Short-term emotional fluctuations and discomfort are relatively general in the context of this mechanism, notably in the initial stages of treatment or when handling sensitive trauma (Houben et al., 2015). For patients with severe trauma or high emotional sensitivity, the first emotional reactions can be notably intense, possibly causing emotional overwhelm or vital distress (Watkins et al., 2018; Murray et al., 2022). It is noteworthy that these fluctuations are part of the therapeutic mechanism; in the context of gradually experiencing these emotions, patients can ultimately decrease the influence of negative feelings and regain management over their lives.

It is worth noting that literature has built that the effectiveness of CBT counts on the therapist’s experience and skill level. The therapist’s proficiency, experience, and mastery of CBT techniques directly impact treatment outcomes. A skilled therapist can not only guide problem identification, but can also promote positive cognitive modification. Faced therapists can respond more precisely to patient requirements, improving effectiveness, whereas inadequate guidance or reduction of skill can vitallydecrease therapeutic outcomes (Gkintoni et al., 2025).

In comparing TC and CBT, TC places greater emphasis on bodily awareness and modulation. Via delay physical movements, breath regulation, and mindfulness practice, TC positively delays physiological symptoms associated with psychological issues, such as anxiety and depression, such as muscle tension and wide breathing (Kanani et al., 2025; Qu et al., 2024). This mind–body practice compensates for a relative reduction of center on physiological relaxation and modulation in CBT, which mainly targets cognitive modification (Qu et al., 2024). Literature has reported that integrating mindfulness with somatic modulation in TC not only promotes mental health, but also decreases symptoms of anxiety and depression under the backdrop of impacting the autonomic nervous system (Kanani et al., 2025). In comparison to CBT, the movement perspective of TC can activate the parasympathetic nervous system, aiding individuals sustain better physiological balance in the context of stress (Kuang et al., 2024). Hence, integrating TC with CBT can offer a more integrative treatment method for anxiety and depression, handling both thought patterns and physical symptoms.

Literature can encourage the effectiveness of both CBT and TC in emotion regulation and trauma treatment. CBT mainly relies on language and cognitive analysis, aiding patients delay emotional issues under the backdrop of determining and changing negative thought patterns (Fordham et al., 2018). Conversely, TC, as a non-verbal physical practice, promotes emotion regulation via slow, rhythmic movements, making it notably suitable for patients less adept at verbal emotional expression (Chen et al., 2021; Zhong et al., 2021). For some patients with trauma histories, particularly those who experience significant distress upon verbal recounting of traumatic events (Gjerstad et al., 2024; Niles et al., 2022). Literature has indicated TC helps modulate trauma-associated physical tension and delays symptoms, such as anxiety, hence preventing psychological discomfort associated with verbally recounting traumatic experiences (Laskosky et al., 2023). This method is notably suitable for trauma patients who find verbal therapy challenging.

TC helps patients obtain a mindful state via slow movements and focused breathing, sharing similarities with Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) utilized in CBT (Gkintoni et al., 2025). This mindfulness practice can help decrease rumination on negative emotions and promote self-awareness and emotion regulation skills (Rodrigues et al., 2024; Chan et al., 2020). In addition, Literature has confirmed that TC, such as MBCT, can enhance self-efficacy, which is critical for facilitating emotion regulation and mental health (Rodrigues et al., 2024; Chan et al., 2020).

Articles on integrating CBT and TC have reported that their integration can yield vital influences on both psychological and physiological levels (Irwin et al., 2015; Irwin et al., 2014). CBT mainly aids patients cope with stress and anxiety in the context of altering thought patterns and behavioral responses, while TC improves internal balance and decreases physical tension and stress in the context of influencing the body and emotions (Nakao et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2014). This integrated method has been reported to decrease inflammation levels and cause enhanced immune function, notably in patients with anxiety disorders, insomnia, and other chronic conditions (Liu et al., 2018). Moreover, studies have reported that the integration of CBT and TC can positively promote balance and decrease the fear of falling in older adults, with effective impacts maintained over the long term (6 to 12 months) (Liu et al., 2018). Combining these two interventions can promote integrative rehabilitation, both psychologically and physiologically.

Patients may face emotional fluctuations in the context of CBT under the backdrop of confronting negative emotions (Laicher et al., 2025). Literature has indicated that incorporating the mindfulness practice of TC can positively help patients modulate emotions, notably stress responses associated with anxiety and depression (Wang et al., 2014; Shen et al., 2023). For instance, Literature has uncovered that TC, as a mind–body exercise stressing physical relaxation and mindful focus, can vitally decrease symptoms of depression and anxiety (Kanani et al., 2025; Qu et al., 2024). Besides, TC can help patients sustain calm in the context of treatment under the backdrop of improving their awareness of the present moment, avoiding excessive emotional swings caused by negative feelings (Zeng et al., 2023). This somatic method to relaxation complements the psychological intervention of CBT, making emotion control in the context of treatment more positive.

Integrating CBT and TC can help patients better control stress and emotions on both psychological and physiological levels. Study displays that CBT improves emotion regulation in the context of training patients to recognize negative thoughts and alter behaviors (Goldin et al., 2014; Forkmann et al., 2014). TC, as a mind–body practice, promotes self-awareness and relaxation techniques via its feature delay movements and breath control (Zhang et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2023). Notably Literature has uncovered that TC can vitally promote emotion regulation and promote self-regulation capacity, which is notably positive in decreasing negative emotions, such as anxiety and depression (Wang et al., 2023). It is noteworthy that these findings imply that integrating CBT with TC not only handles emotional issues from a cognitive standpoint, but also improves self-regulation of stress responses via physical practice, providing a more integrative intervention approach at the mind–body level.

For several patients, cognitive modification (as in CBT) might be more negative, notably initially if they lose sufficient self-reflection capacity (Perivoliotis et al., 2010). At such times, TC, as a mind–body exercise, can offer a more direct intervention pathway. Study has confirmed that in the context of combining physical movement, breath control, and mental focus, TC can promote cognitive function and displays several impact in the early prevention and mitigation of cognitive impairment (Chen et al., 2021; Jasim et al., 2023). Conversely, for patients more adept at controlling emotions via cognitive analysis, CBT can offer a systematic cognitive training approach to cope with psychological distress under the backdrop of restructuring thought patterns (Kazantzis et al., 2018; Monachesi et al., 2023). Utilizing both modalities in integration allows for flexible modification of the intervention plan according to individual patient requirements, hence improving treatment adaptability and effectiveness (Chen et al., 2021). This individualized intervention method aims better carry out the requirements of patients with various types of psychological or cognitive issues.