AUTHOR=O’Leary Ryan M. , Zavlun Nataniela , Kinney Alex , Wingfield Arthur 

TITLE=The “inverted-U” of cognitive effort across speech rates holds for simple but not complex sentence structures

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Psychology

VOLUME=Volume 16 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1685938

DOI=10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1685938

ISSN=1664-1078

ABSTRACT=Pupil dilation has become a well-established physiological index of cognitive effort. Here we examined the often-cited finding of an inverted U-shaped function of pupil size across the continuum from highly degraded to clear speech. Unlike the short sentences with simple syntax as used in the original inverted-U demonstrations, 32 young adults recalled sentences with subject-relative embedded clause structures and more syntactically complex object-relative embedded clause structures. Sentences were degraded using time-compression and presented at 10, 25, 35 and 100% of their normal playing time selected from a preliminary calibration study. Subject-relative sentences showed an approximately symmetrical inverted U-shaped function across speech rates, but object-relative sentences failed to show the drop in pupil size with normal-rate speech. We conclude that the symmetric inverted U-shaped function of pupil size with increasing speech quality is limited to sentences with simple syntax. We thus offer a more complete picture of the inverted-U than currently in the literature.