AUTHOR=Polydoros Georgios , Antoniou Alexandros-Stamatios , Vasileiou Ilias , Polydoros Charis 

TITLE=Teaching and learning high school mathematics in the post-COVID-19 era: investigating the emotion factor

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Psychology

VOLUME=Volume 16 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1617765

DOI=10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1617765

ISSN=1664-1078

ABSTRACT=IntroductionEmotions play a pivotal role in learning, particularly in the post-COVID-19 era where online instruction has become prevalent. Despite this, emotional engagement in online mathematics remains underexplored.MethodsThe study introduces the Assessment Online Emotions Questionnaire (AOEQ), developed to assess emotional dynamics among 406 10th-grade students in online mathematics. Guided by Russell’s Circumplex Model of Affect, data were analyzed using EFA and CFA to validate the instrumentResultsThe analyses confirmed a robust three-factor structure (Useful, Unuseful, Neutral Emotions) with high reliability and significant correlations between emotional states and academic performance.DiscussionFindings highlight the predictive power of positive emotions for academic success and propose AOEQ as an innovative tool for evaluating emotional engagement in virtual learning.