Edited by: Kath Woodward, The Open University, United Kingdom
Reviewed by: Christos Bakirtzis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Hojjatollah Farahani, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
This article was submitted to Gender, Sex and Sexualities, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology
†Present address: Hamid Reza Shoraka, Department of Public Health, Esfarayen Faculty of Medical Science, Esfarayen, Iran
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
Sexual dysfunction (SD) is a common complaint among multiple sclerosis (MS) patients with a significant impact on the quality of life (QoL) of afflicted couples. The purpose of this study was to determine sexual satisfaction (SS) in the spouses of MS patients and its impact on the QoL.
A total of 214 spouses of MS patients were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. They completed the Larson Sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire and SF-8 Health Survey.
The mean ± SD age of the spouses was 39.8 ± 9.7 years, and the duration of MS was 5 years or less in most of their partners. The mean ± SD score of QoL was 71.0 ± 20.3 (out of 100), and the mean SS score was 89.2 ± 18.6 (out of 125), showing moderate satisfaction. The highest score was among male spouses younger than 40 years old. The SS scores were also lower among female spouses. In the final model, it was found that SD, psychiatric symptoms, cognitive impairment, and the level of disability of patients were independent explanatory factors for the SS of their spouses.
The findings supported the role of SS in the QoL of spouses of MS patients. Therefore, the attention of physicians to this hidden aspect of the life of MS patients is crucial.
Multiple sclerosis (MS), one of the most disabling central nervous system (CNS) diseases, is an autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating pathology, affecting about 2.3 million people worldwide. Based on the location of plaques, their symptoms vary, such as acute optic neuritis, fatigue, weakness, cognitive and psychiatric disorders, sensational symptoms, sphincter disorders, and sexual dysfunction (SD) (Qaderi and Khoei,
Sexual dysfunction is one of the most common symptoms in MS patients and may arise in all phases of the sexual response cycle (libido, arousal, orgasm, and relaxation) (Foley,
Sexual dysfunction in MS patients and their spouses is attributed to primary, secondary, and even tertiary complications including hormonal imbalance, demyelinating changes in the brain and spinal cord (specifically the S2 − 4 region that causes sexual, bladder, and bowel problems), pain, muscle weakness, fatigue, and spasticity. MS also has psychological, emotional, social, and cultural aspects that interfere with sexual feelings and experiences (Foley et al.,
In addition, SD is highly correlated with the general perception of the quality of life (QoL) in couples in general and specifically in couples affected by MS. For instance, intestinal and bladder dysfunctions, which are correlated with sexual disorders, reduce the QoL. A study on a large group of MS patients showed that SD affects the mental aspect of QoL (Foley,
This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the QoL and SS in the spouses of MS patients in the only referral clinic in Kerman, one of the largest cities in Iran, from May 2019 to April 2020. Based on the records of MS patients in the registry of the clinic, the final diagnosis of MS in this registry was confirmed by neurologists working at Shafa Hospital affiliated with the Kerman University of Medical Sciences, based on the revised McDonald criteria (2017) (Thompson et al.,
After obtaining written informed consent forms from the patients and their spouses, data were collected using four instruments: (1) A demographic and clinical information form to assess the spouse's sex, age, education, job, income, duration of the marriage, and the patient's clinical conditions including the duration of disease, sphincter disorder, psychiatric symptoms, cognitive impairment, and SD, (2) the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), (3) Larson Sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire, and (4) SF-8 Health Survey.
The Sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire was designed by Larson et al. (
The SF-8 Health Survey was developed by Ware in 2001 (Ware,
The Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) of MS patients was designed by John Kurtzke. It assesses the functioning of systems such as pyramidal, cerebellar, brainstem, sensory, bowel, bladder, visual, and cerebellar regions (Kurtzke,
All questionnaires were filled by the spouses in a calm and private environment under the supervision of a neurologist, and the EDSS was assessed by a neurologist. The records were kept and analyzed anonymously.
The scores of the participants in every questionnaire were computed based on their guidelines. Having described scores, all variables were modeled using a linear regression model. Multivariable linear regression analysis was conducted on the variables with a
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Afzalipour Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences with approval ID: IR.KMU.AH.REC.1398.072. Written informed consent was obtained from all the participants.
In this study, 214 spouses with a mean ± SD age of 39.8 ± 9.7 years (range: 20–67 years) participated. The demographic data of the spouses (sex, age, education, job, income, and duration of marriage) and the clinical details of the patients (duration of disease, EDSS, sphincter disorder, psychiatric symptoms, cognitive impairment, and SD) are shown in
Demographic variables of the spouses of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and the clinical details of MS patients.
| Sex | Male | 162 | 75.7 | |
| Female | 52 | 24.3 | ||
| Age | Less than 40 | 120 | 57.1 | |
| 40 or more | 90 | 42.9 | ||
| Education (years of formal education) | <12 | 40 | 19 | |
| 12–16 | 146 | 69.5 | ||
| >16 | 24 | 11.5 | ||
| Job | Unemployed | 55 | 25.8 | |
| Self-employed | 80 | 37.6 | ||
| Employed | 78 | 36.6 | ||
| Income | very low | 37 | 17.7 | |
| Low | 92 | 44 | ||
| average | 57 | 27.3 | ||
| higher than average | 23 | 11 | ||
| The duration of marriage (year) | <= 10 | 84 | 39.4 | |
| 11–20 | 75 | 35.2 | ||
| 21–30 | 43 | 20.2 | ||
| > 30 | 11 | 5.2 | ||
| The duration of MS (year) | <= 5 | 113 | 54.5 | |
| 6–10 | 60 | 29 | ||
| 11–15 | 28 | 13.5 | ||
| 16–20 | 6 | 3 | ||
| EDSS | Mild (0–2.5) | 152 | 71.7 | |
| Moderate (3–5) | 42 | 19.8 | ||
| Sever (5.5–10) | 18 | 8.5 | ||
| Main symptoms | Sphincter disorder | No | 203 | 94.9 |
| Yes | 11 | 5.1 | ||
| Psychiatric symptoms | No | 120 | 56.1 | |
| Yes | 94 | 43.9 | ||
| Cognitive impairment | No | 184 | 86.0 | |
| Yes | 30 | 14.0 | ||
| Sexual dysfunction | No | 181 | 84.6 | |
| Yes | 33 | 15.4 | ||
The mean ± SD QoL score was 71.0 ± 20.3 out of 100. The highest and the lowest mean QoL scores were related to the physical functioning subscale (81.3) from physical QoL and the vitality subscale (60.3) from mental QoL, respectively. The mean ± SD SS score was 89.2 ± 18.6 out of 125, showing moderate satisfaction, and the mean EDSS score was 1.7 out of 10, which was categorized as mild (
Mean and standard deviation of QoL and its dimensions, as well as sexual satisfaction in spouses and EDSS in MS patients.
| QoL | 71.0 | 20.3 | |
| Physical QoL | 73.1 | 22.2 | |
| Mental QoL | 68.9 | 21.6 | |
| QoL subscales | general health | 62.2 | 24.3 |
| physical functioning | 81.3 | 25.3 | |
| physical role | 78.4 | 27.3 | |
| bodily pain | 70.7 | 29.8 | |
| vitality | 60.3 | 24.9 | |
| social functioning | 77.0 | 28.2 | |
| mental health | 60.4 | 29.9 | |
| emotional roles | 78.2 | 23.5 | |
| Sexual Satisfaction | overall | 89.2 | 18.6 |
| Male | 90.7 | 17.6 | |
| Female | 84.6 | 20.9 | |
| EDSS | 1.7 | 1.7 | |
EDSS, Expanded Disability Status Scale; QoL, quality of life.
As shown in
Results of linear regression models and SS of spouses were linked (as dependent variables) to demographic variables, and the clinical presentations of the MS cases.
| Sex | Male | 90.7(±17.6) | Ref. group | ||
| Female | 84.7(±20.9) | −1.7 | 0.06 | ||
| Age | Less than 40 | 93.1(±16.1) | Ref. group | ||
| 40 or more | 84.1(±20.7) | −3.6 | 0.27 | ||
| Education (years of formal education) | <12 | 82.6(±23.8) | Ref. group | ||
| 12–16 | 89.9(±17.2) | 2.6 | 0.41 | ||
| >16 | 97.3(±13.3) | 3.7 | 0.42 | ||
| Job | Unemployed | 84.4(±19.5) | Ref. group | ||
| Self-employed | 91.9(±17.9) | 5.5 | 0.08 | ||
| Employed | 89.3(±18.7) | 1.4 | 0.68 | ||
| Income | Very low | 84.1(±21.8) | Ref. group | ||
| Low | 85.7(±19.2) | −0.3 | 0.92 | ||
| average | 93.1(±14.7) | 5.8 | 0.12 | ||
| higher than average | 100.9(±12.8) | 9.0 | 0.06 | ||
| The duration of marriage (year) | <=10 | 94.6(±13.1) | Ref. group | ||
| 11–20 | 89.6(±19.8) | 1.6 | 0.59 | ||
| 21–30 | 82.2(±21.8) | −1.2 | 0.78 | ||
| >30 | (16.9±)69.4 | −8.5 | 0.18 | ||
| The duration of MS (year) | < =5 | 92.6(±15.6) | Ref. group | ||
| 6–10 | 85.8(±22.6) | −5.1 | 0.04 |
||
| 11–15 | 87.1(±19.3) | 0.1 | 0.97 | ||
| 16–20 | 81.8(±13.3) | 0.4 | 0.95 | ||
| EDSS | Mild (0–2.5) | 93.6(±16.2) | Ref. group | ||
| Moderate (3–5) | 79.0(±20.2) | −6.9 | 0.02 |
||
| Sever (5.5–10) | 73.3(±20.2) | −11.6 | 0.04 |
||
| Symptoms | Sexual dysfunction | No | 92.1(±17.1) | Ref. group | |
| Yes | 73.5(±19.0) | −12.8 | < 0.0001 |
||
| Sphincter disorder | No | 90.1(±18.2) | Ref. group | ||
| Yes | 73.2(±19.4) | −0.8 | 0.88 | ||
| Psychiatric symptoms | No | 92.4(±18.3) | Ref. group | ||
| Yes | 85.3(±18.3) | −6.0 | 0.008 |
||
| Cognitive impairment | No | 91.5(±17.4) | Ref. group | ||
| Yes | 75.4(±20.3) | −7.7 | 0.01 |
||
According to the regression results, a significant inverse relationship between EDSS and SS was found. It means that MS patients with moderate and severe EDSS had lower SS than those with mild EDSS (B = −6.9,
Patients with psychiatric symptoms, cognitive impairment, sphincter disorder, and sexual dysfunction had a low mean SS score. Furthermore, according to the results of the regression models, sexual dysfunction, psychiatric symptoms, and cognitive impairment significantly reduced the SS score (
The Pearson correlation test was used to evaluate the correlation between the QoL and SS scores. There was a significant positive correlation between SS and QoL in the spouses of MS patients (
Correlation between sexual satisfaction and quality of life (QoL).
| QoL | 0.530 | <0.0001 |
| Physical QoL | 0.499 | <0.0001 |
| Mental QoL | 0.469 | <0.0001 |
Correlation is significant at
This study investigated SS, QoL, and their relationship in the spouses of MS patients in Kerman Province, Iran. The results showed that SS and QoL were lower than the general population. In addition, an assessment of the factors associated with SS showed that EDSS, psychiatric symptoms, cognitive impairment, and SD were significant in MS patients. Moreover, there was a significant positive correlation between QoL and SS in the spouses of MS patients.
In the current study, the participants' SS score was 89 out of 125, which was lower than the scores in the overall Iranian population reported by Rahmani et al., Amiri et al., and Bahrami et al. According to these reports, sexual satisfaction was high in men and moderate to high in women, whereas this study found SS to be moderate in both genders (Rahmani et al.,
Although the female partners had lower SS scores compared to the male partners in this study, it is unclear whether this was merely due to the difference in the presentation of MS in male and female patients. Studies in Iran found that SS was lower in females than in males in the general population (Bahrami et al.,
The results of this study in terms of sexual satisfaction were consistent with many chronic diseases including inflammatory bowel disease, cancer, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension (Eluri et al.,
In this study consistent with other studies, a significant relationship between SS in spouses and SD in MS patients was detected (Schmidt et al.,
In this study, a significant negative association was found between psychiatric symptoms in MS patients and spouses' SS, as evident in other studies (Mohammadi et al.,
The results also indicated a negative association between EDSS and SS, which was similar to other previous studies (Qaderi and Khoei,
The patients' problems in a sexual relationship, including dyspareunia, bladder and bowel problems, muscle weakness, fatigue, and spasticity, as well as psychological, emotional, social, and cultural factors (body image concern and sexual performance anxiety in the patient and reduced self-esteem because of sexual disability and inhibition) (Qaderi and Khoei,
This study also found a significant positive correlation between QoL and SS in spouses of MS patients, as indicated in other studies (Nortvedt et al.,
Furthermore, Iranian people and even physicians often feel ashamed of talking about sexual problems. Thus, people with such problems often have difficulty consulting with health professionals and seeking treatment or support (Rezaei et al.,
In addition, as the sexual problems of MS patients and their spouses are usually missed in the treatment procedure and, thus, they do not receive suitable treatment for their sexual issues, and active screening for the diagnosis of sexual dissatisfaction in MS couples is recommended.
Similarly, fatigue, anxiety, and depression of MS patients affect their spouses' SS. Hence, these patients should resolve these symptoms to improve their sexual relationships. Furthermore, non-pharmacological strategies, including appropriate sexual positions and sexual intercourse at times of feeling more energized, should be considered in the process of consulting MS couples (Foley,
These results show that the MS of partners might change the SS score not substantially. However, for more reliable results, a more comprehensive study is recommended to recruit normal and MS couples simultaneously.
Sexual satisfaction and its impact on the quality of life of MS patients and their partners are crucial issues in Iran. Cultural barriers and shame around speaking about sexual experiences limit the effective communication between patients and spouses with their physicians. Therefore, special attention should be paid to this issue.
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Afzalipour Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, approval ID; IR.KMU.AH.REC.1398.072. Written informed consent has been obtained from all the participants. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.
BS wrote the proposal and the manuscript. MAP wrote the proposal, analyzed data, and wrote the manuscript. AAH, PJA, and HRSH analyzed data and wrote the manuscript. SJ wrote the proposal, collected data, analyzed data, and wrote the manuscript, and corresponding author. All authors read and approved the manuscript.
The researchers are grateful to all of multiple sclerosis patients and their spouses who took part in this study. We would also like to thank Nozar Nakhaee and Sharare Eskandarie for their sincere participation in this study. This study was approved by the Neurology Research Center of Kerman University of Medical Sciences.
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
MS, multiple sclerosis; CNS, central nervous system; QoL, quality of life; PQoL, physical quality of life; MQoL, mental quality of life; EDSS, Expanded Disability Status Scale; SS, sexual satisfaction; SD, sexual dysfunction.