Social commerce integrates social media technologies in e-commerce platforms, allows customers to communicate with one another and businesses through online groups, societies, and generates reviews, ratings, and recommendations. Previously, the management and initiation of interactions between consumers and businesses were expensive and impractical (Al-Adwan and Kokash, 2019). However, the advancement of social technology has added a social component to online buying, which results in a more sociable experience during the pandemic. Furthermore, these technologies enable organizations to initiate and manage social connections with customers in a cost-effective and manageable manner.

Social commerce is categorized into two classes; first class is based on traditional e-commerce sites which are product-oriented and offer one-way interaction from business to the customer, for example, Amazon, whereas the second category is based on the integration of the social aspects in e-commerce platforms which are customer-oriented and support two-way interactions (Huang and Benyoucef, 2013). Consumers can react to services or products on various podiums and speak with each other. Consumer participation is a significant feature of social commerce. Numerous businesses contend with others for better sales and reputation in social commerce. For instance, these social commerce platforms, Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter, provide several paths of C2C and B2C; both have connections with buyers and sellers. The study aims to discover whether or not social commerce constructs and social presence effectively moderate consumer's buying intentions in the social commerce environment; this study considers that the social interaction between consumers on social platforms may influence their buying decisions during pandemic COVID-19. By following the aim of this study, we have narrowed the scope of this study to the second category because the first category provides limited options for social interactions. Thus, a detailed study of social commerce can help us better understand this new way of doing business and guide practical and academic research during COVID-19.

The progression of online buying improved rivalry in the online marketplace (Akroush and Al-Debei, 2015) and transformed the retail setting for consumers and retailers (Kühn and Petzer, 2018). Buyers had a better buying experience, and retailers have more customer support and engagement opportunities. Few studies focused on the factors influencing e-commerce websites and the characteristics of e-commerce sites. Factors studied include perceptions of web design, privacy based on adoption theory, customer service, and reliability (Kühn and Petzer, 2018); trust on the webpages and attitudes in the direction of the webpage based on the stimulus-organism-response framework and TPB (Wu et al., 2017). Added factors investigated were website trust and flow (Kühn and Petzer, 2018), store reputation, brand knowledge, size, risk, and personal, organizational belief (Dutta and Bhat, 2016). These current studies recommend stores and retailers to upsurge consumer acceptance of their stores and webpages to upsurge sales. Therefore, the earlier investigation has shown that effective online business involves a deep understanding of how these several factors affect customers' buying intentions.

Some studies have focused on online shopping behavior, especially in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. For instance, Ozturk (2020) studied the effects of utilitarian and hedonic beliefs. Eti et al. (2021) examined the impact of social media. Jiaming et al. (2020) concentrated on social presence, fear appeal, and e-loyalty in buying in the pandemic. Along with empirical examination, Zwanka and Buff (2021) presented a context of the buyer behavior shifts, and Sheth (2020) suggested how COVID-19 inclined consumers' behaviors. Some research on consumers buying through social commerce available in COVID-19 has focused on a particular product type or industry. However, previous studies have not examined pandemic concerns as a precursor to social commerce constructs, social presence, social support, and consumers' trust.

Social commerce constructs are the built-in features of a website that enable consumers to interact with other consumers and refer, rate, comment, and shop products (Hajli, 2013). These features can enhance sociability among consumers (Hajli and Sims, 2015), which can significantly influence the situation during pandemic COVID-19. For example, characteristics that support social buying activities are forums, blogs, videos, reviews, recommendations, and social networks (Kim and Park, 2013; Ng, 2013). This study considers reviews, ratings, referrals, and recommendations as to the critical social commerce constructs. Reviews and ratings are visible to all and defined as the set of features provided by the social commerce websites that enable consumers to share feedback with other consumers (Shadkam and O'Hara, 2013). In contrast, referrals and recommendations are personalized online social activities that allow consumers to share information with peers in making buying decisions (Kim and Park, 2013; Rashid et al., 2019). Furthermore, social commerce constructs enable sellers to improve their social presence, social support with peers on social commerce podiums, and the development of trust, which enhances consumers' buying intentions, especially during a pandemic.

Social support is care or support offered by a group of people or a group of people and sellers. The social support theory is used frequently to illustrate how social interactions influence consumers' emotions and behaviors (Cohen and Wills, 1985; Cohen and McKay, 2020).

In the social commerce context, social support can be separated into two groups: informational support “offering guidance or advice for the benefit of solving problems, and emotional support primarily interested in communicating with customers about feelings such as empathy, compassion, and care”—online social interactions spawned through communication mediated by computer and dependent on online interactions by using social podiums (Caplan, 1974). Hence, practical social support is gauged as elusive, and it requires informational and emotional help (Madjar, 2008).

The consumer's sense of closeness is further enhanced by social interaction with online sellers, especially in a pandemic situation. In an online context, strong feelings strengthen social bonds between customers and motivate them to share product or service information or feedback. In this light, these social contacts may aid in developing a relationship between buyers and sellers. Consumers will have more positive opinions if a high level of social support is recognized (Hassanein and Head, 2007). As a result, in a social commerce environment, social support plays an integral role in developing consumers' buying intentions during the pandemic.

Trust is when you have the confidence that a promise will be kept to the last agreement's specifications. Because virtual purchasing environments make up such a significant part of today's marketplace, it is vital in the online market. If you do not have confidence in your products, you will never build an online selling business. McKnight and Chervany (2001) segregated trust into different categories; trusting intentions (individual consumers' intentions toward the behavior of online sellers) and trusting beliefs (trust of consumers in online sellers or podiums).

Online sellers use different practices to improve consumers' sympathy and keep a reliable link with them, that is, virtual reality buying or through visuals. These skills shape and enhance social interactions between consumers and help consumers better understand online sellers. Contemporary literature argued the importance of trust in consumers' buying intentions in the social commerce environment (Rashid et al., 2020); however, during COVID-19, people stay at home most of the time; in this scenario, trust is important in social commerce interactions and purchases. A better understanding of consumer's trust in social aspects and buying intentions is noteworthy.

Social presence is the feeling of being present in social media, whether online or in the real-world Short et al. (1976). Online buying, which lacks face-to-face interactions between sellers and customers, demands social presence (Cyr et al., 2007; Jiang et al., 2019). The study findings suggest that media richness is connected to perceived distance and intimacy levels, influencing how frequently participants see each other. Researchers previously relied on the social presence theory to study social commerce purchasing. Incorporating human-like behaviors and gestures in a product design demonstrates competence in the ability to transfer social signals, such as persuasion (Pavlou et al., 2007), virtual agents (Hess et al., 2009), and socially-rich messages (Gefen and Straub, 2004). Social presence is an integral part of the online buying experience in media entertainment (Tamborini et al., 2010; Shin et al., 2019). In addition, for businesses involved in social commerce, social presence enables customers to access more incredible information and interact with others, resulting in better relationships and buying decisions.

Social commerce constructs provide social support to consumers and share personal experiences, reviews, ratings, and referral services and products. Getting information from others might help consumers solve their buying problems and offer them social support. During pandemics, ratings and reviews from unknown consumers provide social support for other consumers because those reviews and ratings are considered more credible (Li et al., 2021b). Hence, during pandemics such as COVID-19, consumers can exchange information and interact with others through referrals, recommendations, reviews, and ratings on social commerce platforms, leading toward love, care, and support from peers. Based on these arguments, we hypothesize that:

Businesses use different platforms to communicate with consumers and enable consumers to interact with each other in pandemics. They can thus utilize social commerce platforms to improve sales. These platforms provide a prospect for consumers to gain more knowledge through social interactions, exchange information, review, and recommend a product or service, which sequentially increases their level of trust in sellers (Li et al., 2021a). During COVID-19, social commerce constructs such as reviews, ratings, referrals, and recommendations can play a vital role in developing consumers' trust in sellers (Li et al., 2021b). Thus, we hypothesize the following:

Social support is vital for improving social interactions and for motivating people to reciprocate. Consumers are more likely to share products, services, and experience information with friends and family when they reciprocate motivation (Kurt et al., 2021). Consumers who have had a positive social support experience are more inclined to share purchasing information with others in pandemics. As a result, sharing purchasing information with other customers fosters a positive environment (Kurt et al., 2021); this leads to more stable consumer's purchasing intentions in pandemics such as the COVID-19. Thus, we suggest the following hypothesis:

From the customer's perspective, during pandemics, the concept of social commerce describes consumers' desire to engage in online shopping using social platforms as “on-the-ground buying via social podiums.” When people share information about products and services in online forums and communities, the resulting connections promote trust and improved online purchasing intentions. Kurt et al. (2021) explained that trust could reduce behavioral uncertainty when consumers buy on sellers' web pages, decreasing psychological blockades related to online buying. Hence, we believe that consumers' trust in sellers increases their buying intentions through social commerce in COVID-19. Therefore, we hypothesize the following:

Social commerce podiums permit consumers to each other. Social commerce constructs can amplify support among consumers and firms. Increased social presence helps to improve the level of social support between consumers during COVID-19. During COVID-19, businesses have a higher social presence, social commerce construct of social support is strengthened. For example, users in social commerce platforms provide a lot of information through reviews, ratings, referrals, recommendations, etc. Social commerce platforms' notes feature can simply this way of firms' social presence, which can more easily provide support by integrating artificial intelligence (Rashid et al., 2020). This will positively influence social support. Hence, we make the following hypothesis:

During pandemics such as COVID-19, businesses can encourage customers to provide feedback through reviews and ratings, whereas referrals and recommendations empower consumers to share information related to product quality standards with peers. This support from consumers brings a sense of imminence and trust in sellers (Zhong et al., 2021). Suppose businesses can offer more support in the route of the social commerce platforms for interaction between sellers and consumers during COVID-19. In that case, customers may receive more support and feel the actual presence of a big business. For instance, businesses' social presence may be essential for customers who have similar product concerns in social podiums and cannot identify the grounds of quality issues during COVID-19. Thus, we suggest the following hypothesis:

All of the items were found within the existing body of research, except slight modifications, from “strongly disagree” (1) to “strongly agree” (7). The content and style of the items were tailored to fit in with the social commerce environment. We also asked questions regarding demographics such as gender, age, and level of education. Information regarding the questionnaire was revealed through self-administration on docs.google.com, and also through the Internet.

We conducted the pilot study with 54 responses, obtained detailed comments on the structure and content of questions, and made changes accordingly for the final study. Participants of the pilot study were asked to give suggestions and provide feedback on statements not clear to them. Participants attempted all questions by following the given instructions. The significant changes were made in the items of social presence, and buying intention, as they generated ambiguity, and participants were facing problems in understanding the questions. Therefore, by following the study context (i.e., social commerce), the items were tailored by several suggestions regarding the phrasing and structure of the questionnaire. The data collected in the pilot study stage were not included in the main study survey.

Due to COVID-19, online survey through scholar.google.com during April 2021 and May 2021 was conducted to test the hypothesis in this study. Participants of this study were those who possess the experience of buying through social commerce platforms. The data were collected from social commerce consumers who had experienced presence, support, reviews, ratings, referrals, and recommendations. We did the shortlisting of answers to each question. Wrong answers, for example, having similar answers for all questions, were removed from our sample. In total 334, people finished the questionnaire successfully, which can easily be considered as a sufficient sample for this study (Hsia et al., 2014). Table 1 shows demographic details. SPSS25 was used for descriptive statistics and correlation. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was performed using AMOS24, which is documented as a robust statistical tool and is widely used in CFA and SEM. The data screening phase included analysis of normality, multivariate outliers, missing values, multicollinearity, correlations, and descriptive statistics.

To examine the measurement model in this study, we used confirmatory factor analysis. Specifically, we looked at the convergence, discriminant, and content validities. Convergent validity was measured by examining the values of composite reliability (CR), average variance extracted (AVE), and factor loadings, where convergent validity measures the extent to which a construct is linked with other constructs in the suggested study model. The minimum threshold levels for Cronbach's alpha, CR, and AVE are 0.70, 0.70, and 0.50, respectively (Fornell and Larcker, 1981). Fornell and Larcker (1981) suggested that composite reliability and Cronbach's alpha are the two trustworthy statistical techniques for determining construct reliability, which is considered suitable if CR and α-values are above 0.70. The content validity was also measured through a pilot study. Table 2 shows that the factor loadings of all proposed items are higher than the threshold value of 0.70. Additionally, discriminant validity, the value of innercorrelation between components is shown in Table 3, was below the square root of AVE each factor (Fornell and Larcker, 1981).

Researchers suggested a likelihood of common method bias in the data set when data are collected through a single source (Podsakoff et al., 2012). By ensuring the validations of Podsakoff et al. (2003), numerous remedies were considered before and the data collection. First, questionnaire translation was pretested and basic corrections were made before starting data collection; second, we guaranteed respondents their privacy; third, the well-established sale was used to shun any ambiguity. In addition, as Podsakoff et al. (2003) proposed, to check common method bias was an issue or not, we have selected Harman's single-factor test. The findings show a variance value less than the cutoff value of 25.08% (i.e., 50%). Moreover, Table 3 shows that the innercorrelation between all constructs is below 0.90 (Pavlou and El Sawy, 2006). These results indicate that there is no significant concern of common method biasness in this study. Table 4 shows Comparison measure model and structural model.

This research validates that social commerce constructs significantly and positively predict social support (β = 0.18, t = 3.98, p < 0.01). Therefore, H1a is validated. Further, social commerce constructs significantly and positively related to trust in sellers (β = 0.38, t = 6.71, p < 0.01). Hence, H1b is supported. In addition, social support is positively related to consumers' buying intentions in social commerce environment with (β = 0.39, t = 6.89, p < 0.001), supporting H2. Moreover, results from this study reveal that trust in sellers is positively related to consumers' buying intentions in the social commerce environment (β = 0.15, t = 3.28, p < 0.01). Thus, H3 is confirmed. The results of all hypotheses testing are shown in Table 5.

Finally, the outcomes show that social presence moderates the association among social commerce constructs and trust in sellers (β = 0.23, t = 3.44, p < 0.01), supports H4a. Similarly, our results reveal that social presence is not moderating the association between social commerce constructs and social support (β = 0.10, t = 1.48^ns). Thus, H4b is not supported. To provide further evidence validating the moderating effects proposed in H4a and H4b, these results' slopes were plotted. The outcomes of moderation are shown in Table 6. Figure 2 shows the results of moderation.

Social commerce cannot thrive if you do not understand consumers' process when making purchasing decisions (Tajvidi et al., 2017), as it becomes more important, especially during COVID-19. Thus, researchers and practitioners need to investigate the primary causes of buying intention in social commerce environments. Results from prior investigations on buying intention have largely failed to integrate social commerce constructs, social support, consumers' trust in sellers, and social presence; thus, no holistic picture of the formation mechanism of buying intentions in social commerce environment is drawn. Based on the literature backed model, this study examined the role of social commerce constructs, social support, and consumers' trust in sellers by integrating social presence as a moderator in the study model to describe consumers' buying intention in the social commerce environment. Our findings extend the existing literature on social commerce constructs, social support, and trust (Lee and Kwon, 2011; Hajli et al., 2017). Additionally, we extend existing works (Tajvidi et al., 2017) on social presence, and investigative research using moderation strategies uncovered how social presence influences social commerce, social support, and trust constructs.

First, the statistical results of this study validate that social commerce constructs enhance consumers' perception of social support in a pandemic situation. This result is consistent with earlier studies (Hajli and Sims, 2015). Consumers can improve their relationships with other consumers through reviews, ratings, referrals, and recommendations and increase familiarity with social commerce platforms. Moreover, when consumers are more responsive to social commerce platforms, they trust other referrals and recommendations, reducing rumors and anxiety among consumers during pandemic COVID-19. This finding is aligned with earlier studies (Zhang et al., 2014), that enhanced social interactions improve consumers' trust in sellers.

Second, the findings of this study confirm the relationship between social support and consumers' buying intentions in a social commerce environment. This result is in line with earlier findings of Tajvidi et al. (2017). Consumers seek prepurchase product information from various sources (e.g., blogs and peers), and they trust peer recommendations more than business information. Consumers frequently share their knowledge experiences with other consumers over social contact, thereby assisting them in making purchasing decisions, which has an ample impact on their buying intentions.

Further, the relevance of the data is determined by the statistical results of trust in sellers on consumers' buying intentions during pandemic COVID-19. This finding supports the results of Hajli et al. (2017), which shows that consumers' buying intentions in social commerce environments are considerably inclined to trust sellers. The value of the coefficient of determination (R²) for social support is 0.626, for trust in sellers is 0.626, and for buying intentions is 0.464. Approximately 62.6%, 0.626 of the change in social support and trust in sellers is explained by social commerce constructs, respectively. The sellers' social support and trust variation describe 46.4% of the shift in buying intentions. This demonstrates that the recommended model is well fitting.

In conclusion, the outcomes indicate that social presence significantly moderates the association between social support and social commerce constructs. In the COVID-19 quarantine period, people have more time to spend on social commerce platforms, so a higher level of social presence can substantially develop the level of information available to consumers through peers, family, friends, etc. This promotion of presence can increase the level of support available from others and also review ratings, referrals, and recommendations (Rashid et al., 2020). So, the outcomes recommend that a higher level of social presence is vital between social commerce constructs and social support. However, contrary to our hypothesis, social presence does not moderate the association between social commerce components and customer trust in sellers. One probable description is that social presence has a mild emphasis on the association between social commerce structures and consumer's trust in sellers. Consumer reviews and suggestions might be misleading and prejudiced at times. The enhancement of social presence may not prop up the amateur reviews and recommendations and decrease the degree of reviews and recommendations asymmetry.

The following theoretical illumination comes from the study findings. First, this study significantly contributes to the existing body of work by theorizing the role of social commerce constructs (i.e., reviews, ratings, referrals, and recommendations), social presence and support theory, and other ramifications of consumers' purchasing intentions, which offers a new dimension in research on social commerce. The study model (Figure 1) and statistical results shed light on the application of social commerce constructs, social support, social presence, consumers' trust in sellers in developing the broader knowledge of target customers' buying intentions in social commerce environments and its consequences, especially in COVID-19 outbreak. Several earlier pieces of research on social commerce have emphasized other facets, for instance, as an antecedent to commercial or social need (Hew et al., 2018), antecedent to design social podiums (Mikalef et al., 2017), antecedent to virtual client encounters and technological environs (Zhang et al., 2014), and antecedent to information dimensions people, technology, and management. This study differs from previous research studies by establishing its significant influence on social commerce constructs, social support, social presence, consumers' trust in sellers being used as a motivator in this way. Scholars will be able to investigate consumers' behavioral intentions in a new way in the context of social commerce.

Second, this study significantly contributes to the existing literature by theorizing the moderating role of social presence on the relationship between social support, consumers' trust in sellers, and consumers' buying intentions. The study findings confirm our argument that a higher level of social presence will strengthen the influence of social support and consumers' trust in sellers on consumers' buying intentions (Jiang et al., 2019).

Finally, this research emphasizes the significance of social presence through social interaction in social commerce platforms Web 2.0 to help individuals in buying decisions. These interactions offer different opportunities to businesses, for example, to modify their business strategies to meet the current social environment.

This study has a significant practical basis on the preceding conclusions and illumination during pandemic outbreaks. First, global and national companies will build strategies to meet consumer wants and improve their brand reputation if they understand the elements that influence consumers' purchasing intentions. Firms can further increase the level of social presence, reviews, ratings, and product-related information to develop consumers' trust. For example, using social settings such as Chatbots, sellers can provide sociability to customers.

Second, social commerce constructs such as review, ratings, referrals, and recommendations play a significant role in strengthening relationships and customer–business interactions during pandemic outbreaks. Social commerce platforms not only provide online communication to consumers but also support them in social interaction. Hence, sellers must understand and design appropriate strategies to develop particular features of social commerce platforms to target a specific consumer segment. Managers can attract consumers to share information or generate content to improve profits generated by enticing new customers.

Finally, this study proposes that firms design social commerce platforms to increase consumers' trust in sellers, social interaction between consumers through reviews, personal messages, recommendations, social support, and social presence during pandemic outbreaks. These social commerce platforms can offer prospects to businesses and people to interact with one another, increasing consumers' level of trust in sellers and influencing their buying intentions. Fourth, the findings of this investigation suggest that social presence strengthens consumers' intentions to buy on social media networks. Businesses, for example, can create social media sites to show more their presence through social interaction opportunities because coordination and communication improve the level of social presence.