AUTHOR=Hornig Eike-Christian , Frommelt Christian 

TITLE=The system functions of direct democracy - a ranking of 103 countries in the world

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Political Science

VOLUME=Volume 5 - 2023

YEAR=2024

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/political-science/articles/10.3389/fpos.2023.1146307

DOI=10.3389/fpos.2023.1146307

ISSN=2673-3145

ABSTRACT=We introduce a new framework of the functions of direct democracy within democratic political system. These are: ( 1countries around the world, we find that the input and exit functions are rather unbalanced in their dynamics. The exit function shows a tendency to strengthen the concentration of power, whereas the input function rarely allows for access to both decision-making arenas. But once issues reach the referendum, the impact is often strong and only a small minority of states conduct referendums without any formal consequences. Beyond these results, the presented approach allows to start longtime observations of the state of direct democracy in democratic systems.