Potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. “Desiree”) seedlings were propagated in vitro on Murashige-Skoog (MS) medium with 2% sucrose and 0.6% agar in an illuminated incubator maintained 22°C, under a 16-h light / 8-h dark cycle. After 20days of growth in vitro, seedlings were transplanted to plastic pots (10cm×10cm) that contained in a 3:1 (v/v) mixture of peat moss and nutrient soil (soil/vermiculite/perlite as the volume proportion of 3.5:1:1) in a growth chamber at 24°C under light of 160μmolm⁻² s⁻¹, with a 16-h light/8-h dark photoperiod and 60% relative humidity. Plants were grown for 28days, followed by the selection of plants with similar height and health for abiotic stress treatments. The leaves were detached and used for gene expression analysis. For osmotic treatment, the plants were irrigated with a solution 300ml of 20% polyethylene-glycol-6000 (PEG-6000). For salt stress, the plants were irrigated with 200mM NaCl (300ml per pot) that the average soil conductivity was 6.37 mS/cm. For dehydration treatment, the detached leaves were placed on a plate in a growth chamber with temperature of 24°C under light of 160μmolm⁻² s⁻¹ and 60% relative humidity. Take the above different treatments for 0, 0.5, 1, 3, 5, 6, and 12h. Water was withheld from the plants for 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9days to simulate drought stress. The samples were frozen in liquid nitrogen immediately and then preserved at −80°C for further use.

Arabidopsis AtNF-Y family members were obtained using data from a previous study (Siefers et al., 2009). StNF-Y family members were queried by BLAST search and HMMER (version 3.0) software. AtNF-Y family members were used for BLASTP searches in the Phytozome database.¹ The potato proteins from each BLAST search were identified and redundant sequences were removed. All the sequences were inspected using the InterPro² and Pfam³ databases to confirm the presence of the conserved NF-Y domains. The molecular weights (Mw), isoelectric points (pI), and grand average of hydropathy (GRAVY) were predicted by ExPASy.⁴ Alignments of amino acid sequences of full-length NF-Y proteins were performed by Clustal X1.8. The phylogenetic tree was generated by MEGA 7.0 using the neighbor-joining method with 1,000 bootstrap replicates. The exon and intron distributions of potato StNF-Ys were obtained by GSDS online software.⁵ The conserved motifs of the predicted StNF-Y proteins were analyzed by the program Multiple Em for Motif Elicitation (MEME).⁶

First-strand cDNA synthesis was performed using the FastKing RT Kit with gDNase (Tiangen Biotech, Beijing). Super Real PreMix Plus (SYBR Green; Tiangen Biotech, Beijing) was used to analyze the expression levels of StNF-Ys with gene-specific primers (Supplementary Table S1). The PCR solution (20μl) contained 10μl of 2×Super Real PreMix Plus, 0.6μl of forward and reverse primers, 1μl of cDNA (100ng) template, and 7.4μl of nuclease-free water. qRT-PCR was conducted in a Light Cycler 96 system (Roche, Diagnostics GmbH), with the following parameters: 95°C for 15min, followed by 40cycles of 95°C for 10s and 60°C for 20s. The Stef1ɑ gene was used as a reference gene for normalization. The primer sequences are shown in Supplementary Table S1. All experiments were performed with three biological replicates and three technical replicates. The relative expression levels of genes were calculated by the 2^−ΔΔCt method (Livak and Schmittgen, 2001).

The coding sequence of StNF-YC9 was cloned from the cDNA of potato cv. “Desiree.” The gene-specific primers StNF-YC9-F1 and StNF-YC9-R1 (Supplementary Table S1) were designed using DNAMAN 8.0. The PCR fragments were then inserted into the pMD18-T vector (Takara Bio, Beijing) for further sequencing. The coding sequence of StNF-YC9 without the stop codon was amplified by PCR, using the gene-specific primers StNF-YC9-F2 and StNF-YC9-R2 (Supplementary Table S1). The validated PCR product was linked into the vector pCAMBIA1300-35S-EGFP at the site of BamH I and Sal I. The plasmid pCAMBIA1300-35S-StNF-YC9-EGFP was transformed into the Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404 strain. The pCAMBIA1300-35S-StNF-YC9-EGFP was injected into tobacco leaves (Nicotiana benthamiana L.) that were 5–6weeks old. EGFP fluorescence was observed using a laser scanning confocal microscope (CARI ZEISS, LSCM 800, Germany).

The coding sequence of StNF-YC9 was inserted into the expression vector pCAMBIA1300-35S between BamH I and Sal I restriction sites, which was transformed into microtubers via the method described by Si et al. (2003). The microtuber was cut by a sterile blade into pieces that were 0.4–0.6cm thick. The microtuber pieces were then placed into a flask filled with 50ml Agrobacterium liquid that contained the recombinant plasmid pCAMBIA1300-35S-StNF-YC9 for 7–10min. The microtuber pieces infected with Agrobacterium then were transferred to sterile filter paper to absorb the Agrobacterium liquid on the surface of the microtuber pieces. Next, the microtuber pieces were placed onto solid MS medium and co-cultivated in the dark for 2days at 28°C. After 2days, the microtuber pieces were transferred onto MS medium for further culturing. Potato plants were screened using selection medium containing 5μgml⁻¹ Hygromycin B (Hyg), followed by genomic DNA extraction via the CTAB method. Gene-specific primers were used to amplify the 809-bp hygromycin B phosphotransferase (HPT) gene fragment. In addition, qRT-PCR was used to determine the expression level of StNF-YC9 in the transgenic potato plants.

The wide-type (WT) and OxStNF-YC9 potato seedlings were planted in vitro on MS agar medium at pH5.8 in an illuminated incubator maintained at 16-h white fluorescent light and 8-h darkness at a temperature of 22°C. Two-week-old potato seedlings were used for morphological characterization. Plant height (the distance from root neck to the top of the plant) and root length were measured by a ruler. The fresh weight and the weight of underground plant portion were measured by an electronic balance.

Leaves were detached from 28-day-old WT and OxStNF-YC9 plants, perforated at the same position on both sides of the main vein with a perforator. The detached leaves were immersed in stomata opening solution that contained 15mM KCl, 10mM CaCl₂, and 10mM MES-KOH for 3-h in light conditions and then exposed to 10μM ABA for 1h and 2h, and 10% PEG for 24h. The abaxial epidermal layers of the leaves were sampled for microscopy. The stomata images were captured by a Olympus DIC microscope (Olympus, BX61, Japan).

Potato seedlings were propagated in vitro on MS agar medium, followed by transplantation to plastic pots (10cm×10cm). After 4weeks of growth under well-watered conditions in an illuminated incubator (light cycle: 16.0-h light, 8.0-h dark; temperature: 22°C), healthy plants were subjected to water deficit stress, by keeping the soil RWC at 45% (mild drought stress) for 7 and 14days, respectively. We weighed the containers daily and supplemented lost water. Three containers without plants were used to estimate the evaporation from soil based on the soil relative water content (RWC). The containers were weighed after being watered to saturation (initial weight). The soil RWC was calculated as (fresh weight−dry weight)/(initial weight−dry weight)×100.

An open infrared gas analysis system (Li-COR6400, Lincoln, NE, USA) was used to measure the net photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate in OxStNF-YC9 and WT potato plants. Photosynthetic measurements were performed under a photon flux density of 1,200μmolm⁻² s⁻¹, at 25°C and 380μmolmol⁻¹ CO₂. The RWC of leaves was measured by the method of You et al. (2019). The third to fifth fully developed leaves were used for RWC measurements. Leaf water loss was determined by air dyeing. The excised leaves were placed at 22°C and 60% humidity, and water loss was calculated as the percentage of initial fresh weight.

SOD enzyme activity was determined according to Owens (1985). Briefly, 20μl of enzyme extract was added to a 3-ml reaction mixture of 50mM sodium phosphate (pH7.8), 130mM methionine, 750μM nitro-blue tetrazolium, 100μM EDTA-Na₂, 20μM riboflavin and distilled water in a ratio of 15:3:3:3:3:2.5, and illuminated under a light intensity of 4,000lx for 30min. Absorbance at 560nm was then measured. POD and CAT activity were analyzed according to the method described by Maehly and Chance (1954). MDA content was determined as described by Heath and Packer (1968), and proline content was measured according to the method described by Bates et al. (1973). Three biological repeats were set up for each experiment.

For treatments on potato seedlings that used for qRT-PCR, different conditions were prepared with three biological replications. A total of 40 (10 per line) potato seedlings were used for the analysis of morphological characterization of OxStNF-YC9 and WT plants. For stomatal aperture analysis, a total of 16 leaves from four plants of WT and transgenic lines were collected, and 80 stomata from each line were randomly selected and measured to calculate stomatal aperture (the ratio of width to length) for statistical analysis. A total of 24 plants (six per line) were measured for net photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate. For the leaf RWC, 10 leaves of each line were determined. In the dehydration on potato, five independent plants were used to measure the fresh weight. The entire experiment was repeated three times.

Data were analyzed by SPSS 22.0 (IBM, Chicago, IL, USA) for statistical testing. All data, with the exception of plant morphological measurements, were statistically analyzed by Duncan’s multiple comparisons test, with all results subjected to Student’s t tests.

StNF-Ys could be divided into three subfamilies, including 10 StNF-YAs, 22 StNF-YBs, and 9 StNF-YCs (Supplementary Table S2). The proteins encoded by the StNF-YA genes ranged from 196 (StNF-YA8) to 311 (StNF-YA1) amino acids (aa) in length, while their molecular weights ranged from 22.06 (StNF-Y A8) to 33.97 (StNF-YA1) KDa and their isoelectric points (pIs) ranged from 6.5 (StNF-YA2) to 9.65 (StNF-YA6; Supplementary Table S2). StNF-YB proteins ranged from 135 (StNF-YB6) to 224 aa (StNF-YB9), with 13.82 (StNF-YB18) to 25.03 KDa (StNF-YB9) molecular weights and 4.64 (StNF-YB22) to 9.32 (StNF-YB15) pIs. In the StNF-YC subfamily, the protein lengths, molecular weights (KDa), and pIs ranged from 141 (StNF-YC7) to 293 (StNF-YC8), 15.67 (StNF-YC7) to 32.28 KDa (StNF-YC8), and 4.89 (StNF-YC3) to 9.33 (StNF-YC8), respectively.

The results of the multiple sequence alignments of the potato and A. thaliana NF-Y subunits indicated that each subfamily was found to have one or more central core regions with extensive homologous motifs (Supplementary Figure S1). To understand the evolutionary relationship between StNF-Y family and AtNF-Y family, an unrooted tree was constructed based on an alignment of the 41 identified StNF-Y and 36 AtNF-Y with conserved domain sequences by MEGA7.0 software using the NJ method. All 41 StNF-Y proteins were distinctly classified into three major groups (NF-A, NF-YB, and NF-YC; Figure 1). The evolutionary relationship suggested that the NF-Y protein family in A. thaliana has similar structure and function to that in potato. To better understand the StNF-Y genes, their gene structures were analyzed (Figure 2). In the StNF-YA subfamily, four members (StNF-YA1/2/4/9) were found to have five exons, while four members (StNF-YA5/6/8/10) had two exons. Fourteen StNF-YB genes had no intron, while StNF-YB3/22 had four introns. In addition, StNF-YB2/5/6/7/8/10/15/20 lacked untranslated regions (UTRs). All StNF-YC genes contained one exon, except for StNF-YC8, which had six exons. Within the different subfamilies, genes tended to have similar gene structures, including exon length, exon number, and total gene length. A total of 10 different conserved motifs were found in the StNF-Y proteins (Figure 2; Supplementary Table S3). Motifs 2, 5, and 6 were present in the StNF-YA subfamily, and motif 2 was found to be similar to a DNA binding domain. Motifs 1, 2, 3, and 5 were found to be similar to histone-like transcription factor domains (CBF/NF-Y) and were exclusively found in the StNF-YB subfamily. Motif 4 was unique to the StNF-YC subfamily. Moreover, StNF-Y members within the same subgroups were universally found to share common motifs. StNF-Y genes were found on all 12 chromosomes, with chromosomes one and five possessing the highest number (seven; Supplementary Figure S2).

To explore the possible functions of StNF-Y genes in potato development, the expression patterns of 41 StNF-Y genes in different tissues, including shoots, petals, flowers, leaves, stamens, roots, stolons, tuber sprouts, stems, young tubers, and mature tubers, as well as during different stresses, were assessed via RNA-seq data. Five StNF-Y genes (StNF-YC1/2/5 and StNF-YB16/20) were highly expressed in all organs surveyed, while 13 StNF-Y genes (StNF-YB2/6/7/8/9/10/11/15/18 and StNF-YC3/4/6/7) were present at a low level of expression in all tissues. StNF-YA8 was found to be primarily expressed in mature tubers and tuber sprouts, while StNF-YA9 was specifically expressed in roots (Figure 3A). The variable expression patterns of StNF-Ys suggested a divergence in biological functions during potato growth and development. Additionally, a total of eight StNF-Y genes (StNF-YC1/2/5/9 and StNF-YB13/14/16/20) were highly expressed under the heat, mannitol, and ABA treatment conditions, while 15 genes (StNF-YB1/2/6/7/8/9/10/11/15/17/18 and StNF-YC3/4/6/7) were expressed at a low level under all stress treatments (Figure 3B). To verify the stress-specific expression of StNF-Y genes from the RNA-seq data, 29 StNF-Y genes were subjected to qRT-PCR confirmation in potato leaves treated with salt, drought, dehydration, or ABA stresses. During salt stress, the expression of StNF-YA9/B14/22/C8 genes was upregulated (Figure 4A), with StNF-YB14 closely recapitulating the RNA-seq results (Figure 3B). During 20% PEG-6000 stress, two genes (StNF-YA3/9/B14/C1/8/9) were upregulated, while the other selected candidate genes (StNF-YA1/2/5/6/7/8/B6/19/20/22) were downregulated (Figure 4B). Dehydration resulted in increased expression for StNF-YB19/20/22, whereas StNF-YA1/2/3/5/6 genes were downregulated (Figure 4C).

To understand the tissue-specific expression patterns of StNF-YC9 in potato, root, stem, leaf, bud, and tuber tissues were used to quantify its expression under control conditions. StNF-YC9 was found to be expressed more highly in buds, leaves, and tubers than in stems and roots (Figure 5A). Additionally, StNF-YC9 expression was found to be induced by dehydration, peaking at 3h after the initiation of stress conditions (Figure 5B). When subjected to a 9-day drought treatment, the expression of the StNF-YC9 gene fluctuated, reaching a peak of 7.53-fold higher than under control conditions (Figure 5C). Transient expression assays in epidermal cells of tobacco showed that StNF-YC9-EGFP fusion protein was mainly expressed in the nucleus and cytoplasmic membranes and might express in the cell wall (Figure 5D), and there is no specific compartmentalization.

Based on the qRT-PCR results (Supplementary Figure S3), the three OxStNF-YC9 lines that showed the highest expression level were selected for further study. The OxStNF-YC9 and WT plants were grown for 14days on MS medium and used for morphological characterization. The roots of the three OxStNF-YC9 lines were 1.43-fold to 1.52-fold longer than that of the WT plants (Supplementary Figure S4; Supplementary Table S4). However, there were no significant differences between the OxStNF-YC9 plants and WT for plant height, fresh weight, root fresh weight, and root to shoot ratio (Supplementary Table S4).

To investigate whether StNF-YC9 participates in PEG and ABA-induced stomatal closure, the leaf stomata size of 28-day-old OxStNF-YC9 lines was compared to WT. After treatment with PEG and exogenous ABA, the stomatal aperture size in OxStNF-YC9 lines was less than that in WT, while no significant difference was observed without treatment (Figures 6A,B). These results suggested that StNF-YC9 participates in the regulation of stomatal aperture under PEG and ABA treatments.

To elucidate the function of StNF-YC9 in drought tolerance, water deficit stress was imposed on WT and OxStNF-YC9 lines grown in soil for 28 days old by keeping the soil RWC at 45% (mild drought stress) for 7days. WT plants withered after 7days, while the OxStNF-YC9 did not (Figure 7A). Photosynthesis system-related parameters, including net photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate, were also found to be higher in OxStNF-YC9 lines compared to WT during drought treatment. The net photosynthesis rate in OxStNF-YC9 lines also decreased much more slowly than that in WT during drought treatment (Figure 7B). The stomatal conductance and transpiration rate also decreased, but the reduction in OxStNF-YC9 lines was slower than that in WT (Figures 7C,D). For RWC, there was no significant difference between the WT and OxStNF-YC9 lines in well-watered conditions, but after 7days of drought treatment, the RWC of the WT lines was much lower (Figure 7E). In addition, the water loss rate increased much more slowly in OxStNF-YC9 lines compared to WT plants (Figure 7F). To further investigate the effects of OxStNF-YC9 plants in long drought stress, the OE lines and WT were subjected to 14days of soil RWC at 70% (control) or 45% (mild drought stress). The activity levels of three key antioxidant enzymes, superoxide SOD, CAT, and POD, were measured. As shown in Figures 8A–C, the enzyme activities of SOD, CAT, and POD in OxStNF-YC9 plants were not substantially higher than those in WT under normal conditions, whereas the activities of the three enzymes were significantly higher in the OxStNF-YC9 lines compared to WT during drought treatment. Under normal conditions, there were no significant differences between the WT and OxStNF-YC9 lines in MDA or proline content, whereas the two physiological indicators were significantly higher in the OxStNF-YC9 plants compared to WT plants during drought treatment (Figures 8D,E).

In the present study, a total of 41 NF-Y members were identified in potato, compared to the amount found in Arabidopsis (36 NF-Y members; Siefers et al., 2009), rice (34 NF-Y members; Yang et al., 2017), and poplar (52 NF-Y members; Liu et al., 2020). In general, the number of NF-Y genes identified in these plants is positively correlated with genome size. Protein multiple sequence alignments revealed a conserved region with a S-R-H-…G-G-R-F motif in the C-terminal region of NF-YA subunits (Supplementary Figure S1A), which likely binds the CCAAT box sequence (Laloum et al., 2013). This same conserved amino acid motif was found in both NF-YB and NF-YC, indicating that it is crucial to NF-Y DNA binding activity (Myers and Holt, 2018). It is well-established that high sequence identity between species can be used to infer similar functions (Petroni et al., 2012). To predict potential functions of the StNF-Y genes in potato, an unrooted phylogenetic tree was constructed from the protein sequences of all 41 StNF-Ys and 36 AtNF-Ys (Figure 1). As shown in Figure 1, the NF-Ys formed mixed clusters, which contained StNF-Ys and AtNF-Ys. AtNF-YA7 has been shown to be induced by the drought stress (Leyva-González et al., 2012), and its ortholog, StNF-YA8, was also found to be induced by the drought in a previous study (Yang et al., 2016). AtNF-YB2/3 has been reported to be involved in photoperiodic flowering (Hwang et al., 2016), and its closest neighbor, StNF-YB20, plays a role in accelerating the onset of flowering (Xuanyuan et al., 2017). The motif compositions of StNF-Y genes (Figure 2) revealed conserved motifs that corresponded to StNF-YA, StNF-YB, and StNF-YC subgroups. Motifs 2, 5, and 6 were present in the StNF-YA subgroup. Motifs 1, 3, and 5 were found in the StNF-YB subgroup, which is proposed to act as a histone-like and archaeal histone domains (Liu et al., 2020). However, motifs 4 and 9 were unique to the StNF-YC subgroup. Gene structure analysis suggested that StNF-YA members shared a similar exon-intron structure (Figure 2), while some StNF-YB members had only one exon, which is in agreement with findings in Arabidopsis, Brassica napus L. (Liang et al., 2014) and Gossypium hirsutum L. (Chen et al., 2018). These results indicate that some StNF-YB genes have undergone intron loss during evolution.

NF-Y transcription factors play crucial roles in plant development and a variety of abiotic stress responses in plants, including salt, drought, heat, and freezing (Petroni et al., 2012; Zhao et al., 2016). As shown in Figure 3A, expression analysis of all StNF-Y members in 11 different potato organs and tissues revealed that StNF-Y genes in the same evolutionary branch have a similar expression profile, indicating that they may participate in a similar developmental processes. StNF-YC1/2/5 and StNF-YB16/20 were highly expressed in all tissues examined, while StNF-YA8 was mainly expressed in mature tubers and tuber sprouts (Figure 3A). The same gene, StNF-YA8, studied previously was reported to be induced by drought stress (Yang et al., 2016). Similarly, PtNF-YA9 has been demonstrated to regulate seed germination, abiotic stress responses, and plant growth and development (Lian et al., 2018). Based on the available transcriptome data, some StNF-Y genes are associated with responses to heat, drought, ABA, and salt stress. For example, StNF-YC1/2/9 and StNF-YB16/20 were found to be induced by multiple abiotic stresses (Figure 3B). In addition, qRT-PCR was used to validate the salt stress inducibility of StNF-YA9/B22/C8 (Figure 4A). AtNF-YA1, a paralogous gene of StNF-YA9, was also shown to be induced by salt stress and is known to regulate post-germination growth retardation during salt stress (Li et al., 2013). Several StNF-Y genes were downregulated by treatment with 20% PEG-6000, except for StNF-YC8/C9 (Figure 4B). Three StNF-YB genes (StNF-YB19/20/22) were also expressed at higher levels during dehydration stress (Figure 4C). In maize, overexpression of ZmNF-YB16 increased tolerance to drought stress and dehydration (Wang et al., 2018).

A number of NF-Y transcription factors have been demonstrated to act as regulators of root development in different plants, and overexpression of PdNF-YB7 in Arabidopsis was shown to increase primary root length (Han et al., 2013). Furthermore, Ballif et al. (2011) reported that overexpression of AtNF-YB2 enhanced primary root elongation. Our results showed that overexpression of StNF-YC9 significantly increased root length compared to WT (Supplementary Figure S4; Supplementary Table S4), which is in agreement with results in Arabidopsis (Palmeros-Suárez et al., 2015). Stomata are formed by two guard cells that regulate CO₂ input to leaves for photosynthesis and water evaporation (Kim et al., 2010). Stomatal aperture is affected by numerous factors, such as light, CO₂ concentration, abiotic stress, and phytohormones (Saradadevi et al., 2017). Stomatal aperture changes typically affect water use efficiency and drought tolerance (Lawson and Blatt, 2014; McAusland et al., 2016). We therefore investigated whether StNF-YC9 participated in the regulation of stomatal aperture and found that stomatal aperture was significantly smaller in the OxStNF-YC9 lines compared to WT after PEG and ABA treatment (Figure 6). This is in keeping with previous studies that demonstrated that NF-Y transcription factors were involved in ABA-mediated stomatal closure (Xuanyuan et al., 2017; Lian et al., 2018). In general, photosynthetic rate is decreased by drought stress (Ashraf and Harris, 2013) and our results revealed that the net photosynthesis rate of OxStNF-YC9 reduced less than the rate in WT during drought (Figure 7B). Similarly, Wang et al. (2018) overexpressed ZmNF-YB16 and found that it also enhanced photosynthesis and drought tolerance. It has also been reported that stomatal conductance is positively correlated with transpiration and negatively correlated with drought tolerance (Baloch et al., 2011). In the present study, the stomatal conductance and transpiration rate also decreased during drought, but the reduction in OxStNF-YC9 lines was slower than that in WT (Figures 7C,D). RWC is a critical index that is used to indicate plant tolerance to drought stress (Griffiths et al., 2014). The RWC in OxStNF-YC9 lines was significantly higher than that in WT upon drought stress (Figure 7E). To cope with drought stress, plants also employ antioxidant enzymes, including SOD, CAT, and POD, along with MDA and proline (Madhulika et al., 2015). We found that the activity levels of SOD, CAT, and POD were markedly increased in OxStNF-YC9 lines compared with WT plants under drought stress (Figures 8A–C), which indicated that the antioxidant enzyme system activity is increased in OxStNF-YC9 plants, protecting them from ROS toxicity under drought stress. In addition, OxStNF-YC9 plants exhibited a significant increase in proline, which adjusts osmotic pressure and a decrease in MDA, which is a lipid peroxidation indicator (Figures 8D,E). This further confirmed that overexpression of StNF-YC9 in potato enhanced potato drought tolerance. These findings are in keeping with results in transgenic tobacco, which showed that overexpression of AsNF-YC8 caused enhanced drought and salt stress tolerance by regulating the activities of antioxidant enzymes (Sun et al., 2017). On the contrary, it was recently reported by Chen et al. (2020) that overexpression of SlNF-YA10 in tomato caused a significant increase in MDA content and a significant decrease in POD activity. Our results represent an important first step in understanding the role of StNF-YC9 in potato growth, development, and abiotic stress responses, although the underlying mechanisms of this gene require further study.