AUTHOR=Xiang Jun-Zhi , Wang Qin-Yong , Fang Zhi-Bin , Esquivel James A. , Li Xue-Yan , Xu Xiao-Qun 
  
TITLE=Advancing Parkinson’s disease detection through multi-dimensional machine learning: a comprehensive framework using wearable movement sensor analytics
  
JOURNAL=Frontiers in Physiology
  
VOLUME=Volume 16 - 2025
  
YEAR=2026
  
URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physiology/articles/10.3389/fphys.2025.1737585
  
DOI=10.3389/fphys.2025.1737585
  
ISSN=1664-042X
  
ABSTRACT=Backgroundwearable movement sensor technology shows promise for objective assessment of Parkinson’s disease (PD) motor symptoms, but optimal machine learning approaches and feature sets for accurate PD detection remain unclear. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of classification algorithms, feature contributions, and optimization techniques for PD detection using wearable movement sensor data.MethodsWe compared twelve diverse machine learning classifiers on motion sensor data, conducted systematic feature ablation studies across statistical, frequency-domain, dynamic, and complexity feature categories, optimized Random Forest parameters using three meta-heuristic algorithms, which is Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Improved Satin Swarm Algorithm (ISSA), and Enhanced Whale Optimization Algorithm (EWOA), and performed SHAP value analysis to identify the most influential features and their impact patterns.ResultsRandom Forest demonstrated superior performance (86.7% accuracy) among all classifiers. Statistical features contributed most significantly to classification performance, while complexity, dynamic, and frequency domain features provided complementary information. PSO-optimized Random Forest achieved 87.65% accuracy, outperforming other optimization approaches. SHAP analysis identified entropy-based measures and standard deviations as the most influential features, with accelerometer-derived complexity measures driving high-probability PD predictions and gyroscope-derived measurements dominating low-probability outcomes.ConclusionEnsemble-based methods effectively capture the complex, non-linear relationship between movement characteristics and PD diagnosis. Comprehensive feature extraction frameworks incorporating multiple movement dimensions significantly enhance detection accuracy. The asymmetric feature influence patterns for positive versus negative predictions align with clinical understanding of PD as a disorder characterized by altered movement complexity and variability. These findings provide a foundation for developing accurate, interpretable wearable monitoring systems for Parkinson’s disease detection and management.