AUTHOR=Wang Yan , Wang Junyu , Zhang Lin , Wang Chengji , Wang Guotuan , Li Changdong , Yuan Yuan , Qiu Bopeng , Yang Yong 
  
TITLE=Optimal exercise modalities and dose for enhancing intelligence in children and adolescents: a Bayesian network meta-analysis
  
JOURNAL=Frontiers in Physiology
  
VOLUME=Volume 16 - 2025
  
YEAR=2026
  
URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physiology/articles/10.3389/fphys.2025.1685099
  
DOI=10.3389/fphys.2025.1685099
  
ISSN=1664-042X
  
ABSTRACT=BackgroundTo compare the effects of various exercise modalities on intelligence and determine the optimal exercise dose for children and adolescents.MethodsA systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis following PRISMA guidelines was conducted. Four databases were searched up to 1 April 2025. Eligible RCTs involved participants aged 5–18 years and assessed exercise interventions with intelligence outcomes (general, fluid, or crystallized). Standardized mean differences (SMDs) with corresponding 95% confidence interval or credible intervals were calculated. Dose-response relationships were analyzed using model-based network meta-analysis.ResultsFifteen RCTs with 3,400 participants were included. Exercise was linked to small-to-moderate improvements in general (SMD = 0.59), fluid (SMD = 0.43), and crystallized intelligence (SMD = 0.64). Dual-task balance training (DTBT) produced the most consistent and significant benefits across all domains. Yoga and multi-component exercise also showed positive effects. Optimal outcomes were achieved with sessions lasting ≥117.7 min, three times weekly, totaling 220 min per week for at least 11.12 weeks. An inverted U-shaped dose-response curve indicated diminishing returns beyond the optimal frequency and duration.ConclusionDTBT is the most effective exercise modality for improving intelligence in children and adolescents. The findings provide evidence-based guidance for designing school and clinical exercise programs to support cognitive development during growth.