AUTHOR=Uzun Sultan , Magat Guldane , Evli Cengiz 

TITLE=Detection of spheno-occipital synchondrosis fusion stages using artificial intelligence

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Physiology

VOLUME=Volume 16 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physiology/articles/10.3389/fphys.2025.1682917

DOI=10.3389/fphys.2025.1682917

ISSN=1664-042X

ABSTRACT=IntroductionAccurate evaluation of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis (SOS) is important for growth assessment, early detection of craniofacial anomalies, and reliable forensic age estimation.MethodsThis study applied three deep learning models—YOLOv5, YOLOv8, and YOLOv11—to cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) sagittal images from 1,661 individuals aged 6–25 years, aiming to automate SOS fusion stage classification. Model performance was compared in terms of detection accuracy and processing speed.ResultsAll models achieved high accuracy, with a mean average precision (mAP) of 0.995 in complete fusion (Stage 3). YOLOv8 demonstrated the most consistent balance of precision and recall, while YOLOv11 achieved the fastest inference time (27 ms). YOLOv5 excelled in specific stages with perfect F1-scores.DiscussionThese findings demonstrate that YOLO-based AI models can provide precise, rapid, and reproducible SOS assessments, offering valuable support for both clinical decision-making and forensic investigations.