AUTHOR=Wu Guangmin , Liu Zhongyi , Yang Zitong , Mu Delu , Xu Hu , Sun Jiahong , Ou Zi , Tian Yufeng , Chen Xingye , Peng Yanhua , Wang Jiandong 
  
TITLE=A zirconia-based wideband biological tissue identification probe with enhanced penetration depth
  
JOURNAL=Frontiers in Physics
  
VOLUME=Volume 13 - 2025
  
YEAR=2026
  
URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physics/articles/10.3389/fphy.2025.1729565
  
DOI=10.3389/fphy.2025.1729565
  
ISSN=2296-424X
  
ABSTRACT=The development of non-invasive probes with significant penetration depth is crucial for quickly characterizing biological tissues during surgical resection specimens, ensuring the full removal of tumors. This paper presents a novel zirconia probe designed to transmit low-power transcutaneous signals for identifying subcutaneous tumors without damaging biological tissues. The probe features a high dielectric constant and combines zirconia with surface-coated copper layers that have a low dielectric constant. This design achieves ultra-wideband matching from 2.8 GHz to 15.1 GHz for biological tissues. Simulations and experimental measurements on ex vivo porcine skin, fat tissue, and muscle tissue placed above the probe allowed us to differentiate tissues using reflection coefficient analysis. The results showed a penetration depth of 19 mm, with biological safety confirmed through specific absorption rate (SAR) simulations. Tumor phantoms embedded within biological matrices demonstrated the probe’s ability to detect lesions larger than 5 mm in diameter. Finally, the potential of the probe for rapid clinical identification was verified through tumor detection and scanning imaging of clinical samples.