AUTHOR=Muye Yuan , Zhufeng Lei , Yinuo Dang , Zanrong Shi 
  
TITLE=A classification method of underwater target radiated noise signals based on enhanced images and convolutional neural networks
  
JOURNAL=Frontiers in Physics
  
VOLUME=Volume 13 - 2025
  
YEAR=2025
  
URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physics/articles/10.3389/fphy.2025.1693938
  
DOI=10.3389/fphy.2025.1693938
  
ISSN=2296-424X
  
ABSTRACT=As the economy and society continue to develop, the range of underwater vehicles is expanding and technology is constantly being upgraded. Consequently, it is becoming increasingly difficult to classify and identify them, and the traditional classification method based on signal characteristics can no longer meet the urgent need for the accurate identification of underwater targets. This paper therefore proposes multiple convolutional neural network recognition methods based on enhanced Gramian Angular Field (GAF) images. Firstly, the radiated noise signals of underwater targets are converted into enhanced images using the GAF method. Then, the converted image dataset is used as input for the convolutional neural network. The input dataset is modified accordingly for each convolutional neural network. Finally, the significant advantages of convolutional neural networks in image processing are leveraged to achieve precise classification of underwater target radiated noise. In order to propose a convolutional neural network method that matches the enhanced image method, this paper compares the calculation results of multiple convolutional neural network models. The experimental results show that the VGG-16 model achieves greater classification accuracy and efficiency, reaching 80.67%.