1) With the domestic drug database of the NMPA as the data source, search and enter all CCPPs and corresponding approvals in the NMPA domestic drug database (NMPA, 2023). 2) Retrieve the data included in the clinical evidence database of CCPPs contained in the Evidence Database System (EVDS) of TCM evidence-based research from 2020 to 2022, and extract all RCTs involving CCPPs (TCM Clinical Evidence Database, 2023). 3) Sinohealth provide sales data of all kinds of CCPPs in national chain pharmacies from 2020 to 2022.

The retrieved data were statistically analyzed, including the name of CCPPs, approval for drugs, pharmaceutical companies, dosage form, number of CBDs, and functional indications. According to the described functions and indications, CCPPs was classified according to the cold and heat, deficiency and excess, and exterior and interior in the eight principles of TCM (except yin and yang), and the diseases treated by CCPPs were classified according to International Classification of Diseases 11th edition (ICD-11). Quantitative analysis was made on dosage form, number of flavors, prescriptions, CCPPs for treatment of diseases of multiple systems, pharmacy sales, publication of RCTs in China and investment benefit ratio. The Power Query of Microsoft EXCEL 2019 and the Origin 2019 were used to conduct statistical analysis. Figure 1 is the flowchart of data collection and statistics. All the botanical drugs were first mentioned in full species name including authorities and family, while only abbreviations when mentioned again. The standardized naming of botanical drugs refers to Medicinal Plant Names Services, an authoritative website that collects the names of plant medicines (Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, 2023). All the botanical drugs follow the ConPhyMP guidelines (Supplementary Material: ConPhyMP checklists Tables 1, 2) (Heinrich et al., 2022).

The Measures for the Administration of Drug Registration issued by the State Administration for Market Regulation stipulate that the format of the approval number for domestically produced drugs is: “national drug approval” and “specific letter” and “four digit year number” and “four digit sequential number” (SAMR, 2020). Therefore, each CCPP on the market has a unique drug approval number, in which “National Drug Approval Z” stands for general Chinese medicine, “National Drug Approval B” stands for healthcare drugs rectified through NMPA, and “National Drug Approval C” stands for CCPPs which comes from ancient classic Chinese traditional medicine metabolites preparations (NMPA, 2002; NMPA, 2020). At present, 58,409 CCPPs have obtained approvals in China, involving 9,986 kinds of CCPPs, and the average number of approval for each CCPP is 5.85; Among them, there are 9,023 kinds of CCPPs have approval of “National Drug Approval Z”, accounting for 90.36%, 958 kinds of CCPPs have approval of “National Drug Approval B”, accounting for 9.59%, and only 5 kinds of CCPPs have approval of “National Drug Approval C”, accounting for 0.05%, which are Xuanfei Baidu Granule, Linggui Zhugan Granule, Sanhan Huashi Granule, Huashi Baidu Granule, and Qingfei Paidu Granule, respectively.

58,409 CCPPs involve a total of 2,896 pharmaceutical companies, of which Tong Ren Tang Pharmaceutical Factory of Beijing Tong Ren Tang Co., Ltd. produces 472 kinds of medicines, followed by Harbin Pharmaceutical Group Shiyitang Co., Ltd. (444), Lanzhou Foci Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (417), Beijing Tong Ren Tang Science and Technology Development Co., Ltd. Pharmaceutical Factory (258), and Inner Mongolia Datang Medicine Co., Ltd. (257). The top 10 CCPPs with the most diverse variety approvals are Banlangen Granule (802), Compound Danshen Tablet (647), Liuwei Dihuang Pill (564), Niuhuang Jiedu Tablet (485), Qiju Dihuang Pill (366), Buzhong Yiqi Pill (339), Chuanxinlian Tablet (337), Vitamin C Yinqiao Tablet (320), Shiquan Dabu Pill (319) and Guipi Pill (301). Among 58,409 kinds of CCPPs, 5,575 kinds were produced by only one pharmaceutical company. Among 2,896 companies, 556 pharmaceutical companies only produce one kind of CCPP. Figure 2 shows the number of pharmaceutical companies producing certain kinds of CCPPs.

9,986 CCPPs involve a total of 39 kinds of dosage forms, of which capsule take the most, involving a total of 2,128 CCPPs, followed by tablet (1825), pill (1672), granule (1290), mixture (794), etc. (Figure 3).

58,409 approvals of CCPPs involve a total of 9,986 kinds of CCPPs. The prescriptions were analyzed according to the instructions. Except for 16 CCPPs that have not reported the composition, the number of flavors of CCPPs ranged from 1 to 90. Among all CCPPs, CCPPs with only one flavor of CBD in the prescription accounts for the highest proportion, a total of 1189 kinds, followed by CCPPs with 8 flavors of CBDs (755), CCPPs with 6 flavors of CBDs (708), CCPPs with 7 flavors of CBDs (697), and CCPPs with 5 flavors of CBDs (691) (Figure 4). There are 7,083 CCPPs’ prescriptions with no more than 10 flavors, and the top five varieties of dosage form are capsule (1,600, 22.59%), tablet (1,418, 20.02%), granule (1,006, 14.20%), pill (834, 11.77%), and mixture (609, 8.60%). There are 2,886 CCPPs’ prescription with more than 10 flavors, and the top five varieties of dosage form are pill (838, 29.04%), capsule (527, 18.26%), tablet (402, 13.93%), granule (284, 9.84%), and mixture (182, 6.31%). With the increase of the number of flavors of CBDs, the proportion of pill in the dosage form has also gradually increased. Among CCPPs with the number of drug flavors less than 10, 10 to 20, 20 to 30 and more than 30, the number and proportion of pill are 834 (11.77%), 641 (27.07%), 174 (36.63%) and 52 (44.07%) respectively. Among the 1,188 CCPPs with only one flavor of CBD, 664 CCPPs have duplicate prescriptions. Taking Panax notoginseng (Burkill) F.H.Chen [Araliaceae; Notoginseng radix et rhizoma] as an example, 37 CCPPs take P. notoginseng or its extracts as single metabolite, including 17 CCPPs with P. notoginseng, 16 CCPPs with P. notoginseng saponins, 2 CCPPs with P. notoginseng leaf saponins and 2 CCPPs with P. notoginseng flower as the main metabolities. Except that 16 CCPPs have not report the main metabolites in the instructions, a total of 2,103 of 9,970 CCPPs had the same name but different prescription, which involve 797 prescriptions. Among them, there are 17 CCPPs with P. notoginseng as the main metabolities. In addition to different dosage forms, there are also differences in their indications.

Among them, the efficacy of Shu Sanqi Powder (Tablet) is mainly to replenish blood and improve anemia. Sanqi Mijing Oral Liquid mainly nourishes the heart and clears heat, which can improve symptoms of restlessness and dizziness. Sanqi capsule and Sanqi Guanxinning capsule (dropping pill, tablet) are mainly effective in promoting blood circulation. Sanqi tablet, Sanqi hemostatic capsule, Raw Sanqi powder, Jingtian Sanqi capsule, and Tianqi granule are suitable for various bleeding diseases.

The eight principles of syndrome differentiation are led by yin and yang, and are comprehensively analyzed based on the patient’s clinical symptoms and signs to explore the nature of the disease, the location of the lesion, the severity of the disease, and the comparison of the strength of the positive and negative sides. They are summarized into eight types of syndromes: yin, yang, exterior, interior, cold, heat, deficiency and excess, which are the basic methods of TCM syndrome differentiation.

According to the indications stated in the instructions, 9,986 CCPPs are classified into cold, heat, exterior, interior, deficiency and excess. It was found that 3,850 (38.55%) CCPPs were used to treat diseases caused by pathogenic heat, 1305 (13.07%) CCPPs were used to treat diseases caused by pathogenic cold, and 4,831 (48.38%) CCPPs were used to treat diseases which have no tendency towards cold or heat. 2,221 (22.24%) CCPPs were used to treat diseases with deficiency syndrome, 6194 (62.03%) CCPPs were used to treat diseases with excess syndrome, and 1,571 (15.73%) CCPPs were used to treat diseases without obvious deficiency or excess syndrome. There are 1,349 (13.51%) CCPPs for diseases with exterior syndrome, 8,427 (84.39%) CCPPs for diseases with interior syndrome, and 210 (2.10%) CCPPs for diseases with exterior and interior syndrome. According to the instructions, the CBDs contained in CCPPs for the treatment of various types of diseases are summarized, and the top 20 CBDs with the highest application frequency are ranked from high to low. The results were shown in Supplementary Tables S1-S3.

The results showed that among the top 20 CBDs in terms of application frequency in CCPPs, except for Glycyrrhiza glabra L. [Fabaceae; Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma], both CCPPs for the treatment of diseases caused by pathogenic cold and pathogenic heat involve Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels [Apiaceae; Angelicae sinensis radix] and W. cocos (F.A. Wolf) Ryvarden & Gilb., A. sinensis, W. cocos and Citrus reticulata Blanco [Rutaceae; Citri reticulatae pericarpium] are all involved in CCPPs to treat diseases with excess syndrome and diseases with deficiency syndrome; C. reticulata and Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi [Lamiaceae; Scutellariae radix] are involved in CCPPs for treating diseases with exterior syndrome and diseases with interior syndrome.

ICD-11 is an international standard for systematically recording, reporting, analyzing, interpreting and comparing health data in a digital way. 9,986 CCPPs were classified referring to the indications described in the instructions of each CCPP combined with ICD-11. It was found that there were 2,078 kinds of CCPPs for the treatment of digestive system diseases, followed by respiratory system diseases (2,070), genitourinary system diseases (1,356), symptoms, signs or clinical findings no elsewhere classified (1,255), musculoskeletal system or connective tissue diseases (879), as shown in Figure 5.

There are 1,166 CCPPs in 9,986 CCPPs that can treat two or more system diseases, including 941 CCPPs that can treat two system diseases, 191 CCPPs that can treat 3 kinds of systemic diseases, 13 CCPPs that can treat 4 kinds of systemic diseases (Table 1). There are 21 CCPPs that can treat more than 5 kinds of systemic diseases, including Qiangli Fengrujiang Capsule, Hemsleyadin, Compound Garlic Oil Capsule, Yunnan Hongyao Capsule, Tanshinone Capsule, Qingre Sanjie Capsule (Tablet), Longdan Xiegan Capsule, Yankening Capsule (pill, tablet), Palmatine and its different dosage forms (injection, tablet, dispersible tablet, capsule, soft capsule), Jingtian Sanqi Capsule (Tablet).

Among the CCPPs that can treat two kinds of systemic diseases, the top five CCPPs accounted for 44.21%. 98 CCPPs can simultaneously treat certain infectious diseases, parasitic diseases and respiratory diseases (10.41%). 86 CCPPs can simultaneously treat certain infectious diseases, parasitic diseases and digestive diseases (9.14%). 85 CCPPs can simultaneously treat respiratory diseases and digestive diseases (9.03%). 75 CCPPs can simultaneously treat nervous system diseases and circulatory system diseases (7.97%). 72 CCPPs can simultaneously treat musculoskeletal system or connective tissue diseases and some other consequences of injury, poisoning or external causes (7.65%) (Figures 6, 7).

The main metabolite of Chuanxinlian Capsule (Dropping Pill, Soft Capsule, Dispersible Tablet) is Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees [Acanthaceae; Andrographis herba], and the main active metabolite of andrographis paniculata is andrographolide, which has anti-inflammatory, liver protective, anti-cancer, anti obesity, anti diabetes and other pharmacological activities (Dai et al., 2019; Thakur et al., 2016; Jiang et al., 2021; Mussard et al., 2019; Jadhav and Karuppayil, 2021). The main metabolite of Kushen Capsule (Tablet) is Sophora flavescens Aiton [Fabaceae; Sophorae flavescentis radix]. The main active metabolites of sophora flavescens include alkaloids, flavonoids, etc., which have anti allergic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-tumor effects (Wang et al., 2019; Zhong et al., 2017; Cho et al., 2020; Huh et al., 2020; Kan et al., 2020; Jiang et al., 2020). The main metabolite of Jinqiancao Capsule (Tablet) is Lysimachia christinae Hance [Primulaceae; Lysimachiae herba], which has pharmacological effects of diuresis, anti stone, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant (Muanda et al., 2011; Ma et al., 2011; Zhu et al., 2011). The main metabolite of Kangfuxin (Liquid) is the extract of the dried body of Periplanetaamericana, which has anti-tumor, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antibacterial, and mucosal repair effects (Zhao et al., 2017; Kim et al., 2016; Zhu et al., 2018; Li et al., 2016; Li et al., 2018b; Yun et al., 2017). The main metabolites of Leilong Tablet are Epimedium brevicornu Maxim [Berberidaceae; Epimedii folium], Glycine max (L.). Merr. [Fabaceae; Sojae semen nigrum], Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. [Araliaceae; Ginseng radix et rhizoma], Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. and Maxim.) Maxim. [Araliaceae; Acanthopanacis senticosi radix et rhizoma seu caulis], Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker Gawl. [Asparagaceae; Ophiopogonis radix], Ziziphus jujuba Mill. [Rhamnaceae; Jujubae fructus], G. glabra, Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux [Ranunculaceae; Aconiti kusnezoffii radix], Neolitsea cassia (L.) Kosterm. [Lauraceae; Cinnamomi cortex], Zingiber officinale Roscoe [Zingiberaceae; Zingiberis rhizoma recens]. The main metabolite of ginseng polysaccharide injection is ginseng polysaccharide, which is an extract from ginseng. It has anti-tumor, treatment of diabetes, antioxidant, liver protection, anti-inflammatory and other effects (Tao et al., 2023; Zhao et al., 2021; Lemmon et al., 2012; Abd et al., 2020). The main metabolite of Jiedu Jiangzhi Tablet is the extract of Curcuma kwangsiensis S.G.Lee and C.F.Liang [Zingiberaceae; Polygoni cuspidati rhizoma et radix], which has anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antioxidant, and improving myocardial damage effects (Liu et al., 2018; Zeng et al., 2019; Ding et al., 2014; Lin et al., 2015). The main metabolites of compound garlic oil capsule are concentrated oil of Allium sativum L. [Amaryllidaceae; Allii sativi bulbus], gelatin, glycerol, and purified water. Garlic has antibacterial, anti parasitic, antiviral, antioxidant, and improving Alzheimer’s disease effects (Wallock-Richards et al., 2014; Abdel-Hafeez et al., 2015; Gruhlke et al., 2016; Jang et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2015). The main metabolite of Jingtian Sanqi Tablet and Jingtian Sanqi Capsule is P. notoginseng, which has hemostatic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidant effects (Xu et al., 2015; Li et al., 2017). The main metabolites of Longdan Xiegan Capsule are Gentiana scabra Bunge [Gentianaceae; Gentianae radix et rhizoma], Bupleurum chinense DC. [Apiaceae; Bupleuri radix], S. baicalensis, Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis [Rubiaceae; Gardeniae fructus], Alisma plantago-aquatica subsp. orientale (Sam.) Sam. [Alismataceae; Alismatis rhizoma], Plantago asiatica L. [Plantaginaceae; Plantaginis herba], A. sinensis, Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) DC. [Orobanchaceae; Rehmanniae radix], G. glabra. The main metabolite of Huangtengsu and its different dosage forms (injection, tablet, dispersible tablet, capsule, soft capsule) is Fibraurea recisa Pierre [Menispermaceae; Fibraureae caulis], which has the effects of anti-cancer, improving diabetes, anti-inflammatory, liver protection, improving ischemia reperfusion, etc (Wu et al., 2016; Yue et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2018; Ma et al., 2016; Lee et al., 2010). The main metabolites of Yunnan Hongyao Capsule are P. notoginseng, Paris polyphylla Sm. [Melanthiaceae; Paridis rhizoma], Psammosilene tunicoides W.C.Wu and C.Y.Wu [Caryophyllaceae; Psammosilenes radix], Aconitum kusnezoffii Rchb. [Ranunculaceae; Aconiti kusnezoffii radix], P. tunicoides, S. baicalensis, Acorus calamus var. angustatus Besser [Acoraceae; Acori tatarinowii rhizoma], etc. The main metabolites of Qianliguang Capsule (Tablet) and Qingre Sanjie Capsule (Tablet) are Senecio scandens Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don [Asteraceae; Senecionis scandentis hebra]. Its extracts can anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti leptospira, liver protection, anti trichomonas, antioxidant, antiviral, anti-tumor, and analgesic effects (Wang et al., 2013). The main metabolites of Yankening Capsule (Tablet, Pill) are Phellodendron chinense C.K.Schneid. [Rutaceae; Phellodendri chinensis cortex], Rheum officinale Baill. [Polygonaceae; Rhei radix et rhizoma], S. baicalensis, Isatis tinctoria subsp. tinctoria [Brassicaceae; Isatidis radix], Coptis chinensis Franch. [Ranunculaceae; Coptidis rhizoma]. The main metabolite of Xuedansu is Hemsleya chinensis Cogn. ex F.B.Forbes & Hemsl. [Cucurbitaceae; hemsleya amobilis Diels], which has pharmacological effects such as anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antiviral (Kim and Choi, 2015; Dharmayanil et al., 2016; Megahed et al., 2020; Singh et al., 2015). The main metabolite of Danshentong Capsule is ethanol extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge [Lamiaceae; Salviae miltiorrhizae radix et rhizoma], which has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-tumor, and preventive and therapeutic effects on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (Yang et al., 2023; Wang et al., 2023; Ma et al., 2022; Zhou et al., 2021; Lan et al., 2022). The main metabolites of the Qiangli Fengrujiang Pill are royal jelly, P. ginseng, gelatin, etc.

According to the sales data of national chain pharmacy provided by Sinohealth, it is found that among the CCPPs sold on the market from 2020 to 2022, the top 10 CCPPs in the pharmacy sales are CCPPs for respiratory system disease (180.70 billion yuan, 37.29%), nourishing and healthcare CCPPs (69.78 billion yuan, 14.40%), CCPPs for digestive system disease (57.72 billion yuan, 11.91%), CCPPs for circulatory system disease (56.55 billion yuan, 11.67%), CCPPs for diseases of musculoskeletal system or connective tissue (48.24 billion yuan, 9.95%), CCPPs for diseases of the genitourinary system (34.89 billion yuan, 7.20%), CCPPs for diseases of skin (11.90 billion yuan, 2.46%), CCPPs for diseases of nervous system (8.95 billion yuan, 1.85%), CCPPs for diseases of visual system (4.30 billion yuan, 0.89%), and medications for tumor treatment (3.90 billion yuan, 0.81%) (Table 2).

Based on the data contained in the clinical evidence database of CCPPs contained in EVDS of Chinese medicine evidence-based research, all published RCTs of CCPPs in treating diseases in China from 2020 to 2022 were counted, with a total of 5,738. According to the ICD-11 classification, it was found that the top 10 studies focus on circulatory system diseases (1030,17.95%), respiratory system diseases (862,15.02%), genitourinary system diseases (792,13.80%), digestive system diseases (664,11.57%), nervous system diseases (599,10.44%), endocrine, nutritional or metabolic diseases (331,5.77%), infectious or parasitic diseases (204,3.56%), skin diseases (185,3.22%), neoplasms (147,2.56%), and symptoms, signs or clinical findings not elsewhere classified (136,2.37%) (Table 3).

Compare the number of CCPPs ranking top 10 in terms of sales, the number of CCPPs and the number of RCTs published, and calculate the investment benefit ratio (sales volume/number of RCTs published) of CCPPs in each ICD-11 classification and the investment benefit ratio of single CCPP. The results are shown in Figure 8. Among them, CCPPs for the treatment of musculoskeletal system or connective tissue diseases has the highest investment benefit ratio of 210.66 million yuan, and its single CCPP investment benefit ratio is 239.65 thousand yuan. The investment benefit ratio of CCPPs for the treatment of respiratory diseases ranks second, with 209.62 million yuan, which was close to CCPPs for the treatment of musculoskeletal system or connective tissue diseases. However, because there were 2070 kinds of CCPPs for respiratory diseases, the investment benefit ratio of single CCPP was only 101.27 thousand yuan. The market sales of CCPPs for visual system diseases is only 4.30 billion yuan, with an investment benefit ratio of 76.85 billion yuan. However, due to the small number of drugs, the single CCPPs has the highest investment benefit ratio of 629.94 thousand yuan. There are 2,078 kinds of CCPPs used for digestive system diseases, but the investment benefit ratio ranks third with 86.93 million yuan. The investment benefit ratio of a single CCPP is only 41.83 thousand yuan, far lower than that of CCPPs used for respiratory system diseases.

At present, the approval number of CCPPs on the market include CCPPs with “National Drug Approval Z”, some healthcare products with “National Drug Approval B”, and the ancient classic Chinese medicine compound preparations with “National Drug Approval C”. The CCPPs with the approval number of “National Drug Approval B” are TCM healthcare products with therapeutic effect. In August 1995, the China’s Ministry of Health issued a notice on strengthening the supervision and management of drug approval numbers, requiring the health administrative departments of each province to clean up and rectify approved health products. The production and sales of health drugs with therapeutic effect should be stopped, and new drug approval procedures should be followed. Among them, TCM health drugs should be approved according to regulations. In March 2000, NMPA issued a notice on the rectification of TCM health drugs, requiring the re issuance of approval numbers for Chinese medicine health products that meet the requirements after rectification (NMPA, 2017b). In January 2002, NMPA issued a notice on the unified replacement and standardization of drug approval number formats, which stipulated the use of the letter “B” for healthcare drugs that had been rectified by NMPA (NMPA, 2000).

Most of the CCPPs on the market have the approval number of “National Drug Approval Z”. This kind of CCPPs and “National Drug Approval B” belong to TCM, both of which have therapeutic effects and were released in January 2002. However, the approval process for drugs with “National Drug Approval Letter B” is relatively simple compared to “National Drug Approval Letter Z” (NMPA, 2024e, NMPA, 2024h). The standards for clinical trials, pharmacological and toxicological testing data are relatively loose, and there is no mandatory requirement for on-site verification of clinical trials or providing original clinical trial records. Therefore, although these health products have successfully transformed into CCPPs, their safety and efficacy standards are not as clear as those of “National Drug Approval Letter Z” drugs, which also creates many uncertain factors for their inclusion in the domestic medical insurance drug catalog and international promotion.

In order to promote the research and industrial development of new TCM, the country issued the approval number of “National Drug Approval C” in 2020. This kind of approval number of CCPPs uses traditional preparation processes and traditional routes of administration, and its main functions are expressed in Chinese medicine terms. Compared with other types of CCPPs, this type of CCPPs does not need a phase III clinical trial, and because this type of CCPPs has developed a compound preparation from the ancient classic famous formula, it has gone through long-term clinical practice, and its safety and effectiveness have been guaranteed.

The classification of approval numbers of CCPPs only indicates that the requirements for registration and application materials of different approval numbers are different, which does not represent the level of drug development and drug efficacy. In the future, more CCPPs in the category of “National Drug Approval C” will be released. We suggest the introduction of new guidance documents to improve the approval standards for “National Drug Approval B” drugs and accelerate the transition to “National Drug Approval Z” drugs.

At present, there are a large number of CCPPs with same prescription but different name. For example, there are 7 kinds of CCPPs with ligusticum wallichii and rhizoma gastrodiae as the main metabolites, namely, Dachuanxiong Oral Liquid (granule, tablet, capsule) and Tianshu Capsule (tablet, soft capsule, dropping pill). A large number of CCPPs with same prescription but different name circulate in the market, which may lead to difficulties for the majority of patients in selecting medicines, and also lay hidden dangers for the unified production, processing and formulation of CCPPs. For example, the main metabolites of Huoxue Tongmai (HXTM) Tablet are Spatholobus suberectus Dunn [Fabaceae; Spatholobi caulis], Prunus persica (L.) Batsch [Rosaceae; Persicae semen], S. miltiorrhiza, Paeonia lactiflora Pall. [Paeoniaceae; Paeoniae radix rubra], Carthamus tinctorius L. [Asteraceae Carthami flos], Dalbergia odorifera T.C.Chen [Fabaceae; Dalbergiae odoriferae lignum], Curcuma longa L. [Zingiberaceae; Curcumae longae rhizoma], P. notoginseng, Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. [Apiaceae; Chuanxiong rhizoma], C. reticulata, Dolomiaea costus (Falc.) Kasana and A. K. Pandey [Asteraceae; Aucklandiae radix], A. calamus, Lycium chinense Mill. [Solanaceae; Lycii fructus], Polygonatum kingianum Collett & Hemsl. [Asparagaceae; Polygonati rhizoma], P. ginseng, O. japonicus, Borneolum syntheticum. The instruction mentions that HXTM Tablet has the effects of promoting blood circulation and relieving pain, and is commonly used in clinical practice for angina caused by coronary atherosclerosis. By shrinking the plaque, reducing plaque thickness, ameliorating carotid blood flow, decreasing degree of platelet activation and anti-inflammatory response to make plaques stable (Huang et al., 2017). HXTM Capsule only includes Whitmania pigra Whitman [Hirudo], which has the effects of activating blood, resolving stasis, dredging meridians and relieving pain. HXTM Capsule can be used to treat blood stasis, amenorrhea, and injuries. The two drugs share the same name of HXTM but there is a significant difference in metabolites and therapeutic effects, which is easily confused for ordinary patients who do not have pharmaceutical knowledge, even if clinicians they may also not know very clearly.

According to the Technical Guidelines for the Naming of General Names of CCPPs, the names of CCPPs, except for dosage forms, should not be repeated with the existing common names of CCPPs (NMPA, 2017b). Therefore, it is suggested to strengthen the supervision of drug names in the approval process of CCPPs, fully report the processing methods of medicinal materials, compatibility doses and other ways, and clarify the differences between CCPPs with the same prescription, so as to reduce the occurrence of CCPPs with same prescription but different name.

In the instructions of CCPPs, there are a large number of CBDs with unclear processing methods, such as rehmannia glutinosa and liquorice, which may lead to insufficient clinical application accuracy of CCPPs. In addition, some CBDs’ names are not expressed uniformly. For example, honeysuckle is sometimes referred to as rendong, rather than jinyinhua, which brings certain difficulties to the standardization of the instructions. Few CCPPs have specific dosage in their instructions, and some CBDs also have specific drug application part. It is suggested that the processing method and dosage of CBDs should be clearly reported in the instructions of CCPPs, and unified names for CBDs, so as to improve the accuracy of the application of the formula.

At present, there are problems in the production and processing of CBDs, such as sulfur addition, pesticide residue, aflatoxin pollution, and excessive heavy metal content. Therefore, for large amounts of CBDs, such as G. glabra, A. sinensis, W. cocos, etc., it is necessary to clearly define harmful substance detection standards, strengthen supervision in the processing, storage, and circulation of CBDs, continuously improve the quality, and standardize production processes, In order to ensure the efficacy and safety of CCPPs.

At present, among the prescription of CCPPs for the treatment of multiple system diseases, there may be some differences between the prescriptions of CCPPs with same name from different pharmaceutical factories, the content of each Chinese medicine, and the processing method, which leads to more pharmacological research on CCPPs with single metabolite, but relatively less research on multi-metabolites CCPPs, which leads to the inability to combine research on multi-metabolites CCPPs of the same kind, resulting in a waste of research resources. CCPPs with the same prescription should be named uniformly, the requirements for CCPPs with the same name but different dosage forms should be standardized, and the supervision of CCPPs with the same name but different prescriptions and CCPPs with the same name but different dosage forms should be strengthened. The processing method and dosage of CBDs shall be clearly reported to standardize the contents of the instructions of CCPPs. The specification of CCPPs instructions is to improve drug quality and guide clinical rational drug use. The quality control of CCPPs should achieve a full chain and all-round supervision, including the planting, processing and storage of CCPPs, as well as the quality and efficacy evaluation of CCPPs. The frequent abuse of pesticides in the current cultivation process of traditional Chinese medicine seriously affects the quality of drugs. Strictly control pesticide use standards, keep records of pesticide use, include the ‘sulfur free processing, no aflatoxin, no highly toxic pesticides and full traceability’ brand standards into the rigid evaluation indicators of the Chinese medicinal material industry as appropriate, and destroy the substandard and unqualified CBDs to avoid entering the CCPPs processing market. At present, the market of CBDs is often characterized by mixed authenticity and shoddy products. Therefore, it is necessary to establish an industry standard for quality testing of CBDs, introduce quality markers into the process of quality evaluation of medicinal materials, and require CCPPs manufacturers to clearly state the grade of CBDs used. At present, NMPA has released the National Standard for the Processing of CBDs and will officially implement it by the end of 2023. However, this standard does not include all CBDs, and the current instructions do not require the preparation method to be specified. It is recommended to gradually supplement and improve this preparation standard, and require the instructions to standardize the preparation method of CBDs.

CCPPs flexibly adapts to the treatment of multiple systemic diseases, fully reflecting the characteristic diagnosis and treatment thinking of TCM in treating diseases from syndrome and symptom.

Based on the research results, it can be seen that CCPPs for respiratory diseases have the most diverse variety, and they also have the largest sales volume and the highest market share. However, the investment benefit ratio of single CCPP is relatively low. In contrast, CCPPs for visual system diseases have fewer varieties, and the sales volume only account for 0.89% of the total, the investment benefit ratio is positively correlated. The investment benefit ratio of single CCPP is relatively high, which means the market needs further exploration.

In contrast, CCPPs for digestive system diseases accounted for 11.91% of the market sales, but their variety takes the most. Therefore, although the investment benefit ratio was similar to that of CCPPs for visual system diseases, the investment benefit ratio of single CCPP is far lower than that of CCPPs for visual system diseases. In addition, sales of CCPPs for digestive diseases is less than one-third of CCPPs for respiratory diseases, but their number of CCPPs are similar. It can be inferred that there is a surplus of CCPPs on the market to treat respiratory diseases and digestive diseases. Competition among different CCPPs is fierce, and the investment benefit ratio of pharmaceutical companies is significantly reduced. It is suggested that pharmaceutical enterprises further optimize the design of new CCPP research and development programs to avoid waste of research resources. It is suggested to promote secondary development of head CCPPs, expand product manuals, explore new medication scenarios, and reduce resource waste.