Atorvastatin, through 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibition, not only lower LDL-C levels but also demonstrate pleiotropic effects like anti-inflammatory activity, endothelial function improvement, and reduction of atherosclerosis, essential in treating atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVDs) by interrupting inflammation within plaques and suppressing inflammatory mediator secretion (Takata et al., 2016). Consequently, it effectively lowers lipid levels within the body (Winkler et al., 2004). Despite the widespread use of statins for their efficacy in managing cholesterol production, there are lingering concerns regarding their potential side effects. A study involving eight patients prescribed various statins (simvastatin, fluvastatin, pravastatin, and atorvastatin) revealed a decrease in libido during treatment. Further examination of 2 patients assessed the patients’ sex hormone levels, showing a significant reduction in testosterone levels (de Graaf et al., 2004). Zekeriya’s study on the effects of rosuvastatin and atorvastatin on erectile dysfunction in hypercholesterolemic patients found that rosuvastatin had no impact on erectile dysfunction, while atorvastatin was shown to worsen erectile dysfunction (Nurkalem et al., 2014). Therefore, the effect of statins on sexual function raises concerns.

Apart from reducing lipids, atorvastatin has been observed to hinder the growth and movement of vascular smooth muscle cells, while also encouraging apoptosis. Furthermore, it improves blood rheology and viscosity, thereby enhancing cardiac, vascular endothelial, and coagulation functions (Beltrán Romero et al., 2021). Due to the fact that elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) pose an independent risk for cardiovascular disease, decreasing LDL-C levels has been connected with a lower likelihood of experiencing significant cardiovascular events (Gencer et al., 2020). Multiple research investigations have shown that aggressive methods to lower lipid levels can markedly diminish the expected risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease over a span of 30 years (Pencina et al., 2020).

The European Society of Cardiology/European Atherosclerosis Society guidelines suggest that despite already low LDL-C levels, reducing LDL-C can effectively decrease cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. The extent of risk reduction in CVD is directly linked to the extent of LDL-C level changes. The actual benefits of lowering LDL-C depend on the individual’s ASCVD risk profile and the absolute reduction in LDL-C levels. Therefore, even a slight decrease in LDL-C could be beneficial for individuals at high or very high cardiovascular risk (Visseren et al., 2022). Accordingly, atorvastatin assumes a crucial role in the prevention and management of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, emerging as a cornerstone in therapeutic strategies for these clinical contexts.

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common issue impacting considerable portion of men globally, leading to significant distress and affecting their general wellbeing. It is defined by the persistent challenge in attaining or sustaining an erection suitable for satisfactory sexual activity. The development of ED is influenced by a range of factors, encompassing physiological, psychological, and lifestyle-related elements (Salonia et al., 2021).

However, concerns have arisen regarding the potential impact of atorvastatin on sexual function, particularly its association with ED. Some clinical observations suggested a possible link between atorvastatin and the development or exacerbation of ED symptoms (Rizvi et al., 2002; Do et al., 2009). These reports have raised questions about the mechanisms through which atorvastatin may affect erectile function, prompting further investigation into this potential relationship.

Understanding the potential relationship between atorvastatin and ED is of great clinical importance. As atorvastatin is widely prescribed and often used long-term, it is crucial to assess its impact on sexual function to ensure comprehensive patient care. Furthermore, identifying any association between atorvastatin and ED can guide healthcare professionals in managing patients who experience sexual dysfunction while on this medication.

Adverse events (AE) frequently occur with drug use, although they cannot always be directly attributed to the drug. However, a large-scale statistical, biological, and clinical analysis of AEs may reveal related causes and effects, known as ADRs (Shu et al., 2022). To facilitate this, the United States established the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database in 2012. The FAERS database documents a large number of AEs and medication errors associated with human drugs and therapeutic biologics. Such research can explore ADRs and provide evidence for subsequent safe drug use.

Due to the nature of ADRs, causal reasoning is challenging. However, Nevertheless, Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis offers a way to address the constraints of conventional observational studies. MR utilizes information on genetic variations to infer causation between exposure and outcome, assessing whether an observational association is consistent with a causal effect (Walker et al., 2017). It is based on the principles of random gamete division and genetic variation, simulating the random assignment of research subjects (Levin and Burgess, 2024). Due to the challenges in determining an appropriate experimental methodology, there is a lack of studies investigating a direct causal relationship between atorvastatin and ED. Therefore, this study combines the advantages of pharmacovigilance analysis and MR analysis to explore the relationship between atorvastatin and ED.

Atorvastatin is one of the most widely used lipid-lowering drugs. Jabbari et al. found that atorvastatin can improve the prognosis of heart disease, by establishing a model-based cost-effectiveness analysis (Jabbari et al., 2020). The key pharmacological action of atorvastatin is the inhibition of rate-limiting enzymes in the mevalonate pathway (Graaf et al., 2004). This pathway is a key step in the synthesis of various compounds, including cholesterol and many nonsteroidal products. Jiang et al. established a mouse model of chronic subdural haemorrhage and found that atorvastatin accelerates the absorption of Chronic Subdural Hematoma by inducing an anti-inflammatory response and increasing Tregs in both the peripheral circulation and the brain (Quan et al., 2019). They found that a combination treatment using atorvastatin and the multikinase-targeting anticancer drug sorafenib synergistically inhibited proliferation and tumour sphere formation Gastric Cancer Stem Cells (GCSCs), in addition, GCSCs was therapeutically eliminated. This indicated that atorvastatin effectively inhibits formation of gastric cancer (Choi et al., 2022). Atorvastatin has a wide range of clinical effects; therefore, exploring its associated AEs is of practical significance.

Studies have found a potential association between atorvastatin and an increased risk of ED (Nurkalem et al., 2014). For example, a Finnish cohort study involving statin users showed a slightly elevated risk of initiating ED treatment after radical prostatectomy (Joentausta et al., 2023). Additionally, Solomon et al. discovered that patients with severe endothelial dysfunction were more likely to develop ED following statin therapy (Solomon et al., 2006). These findings suggest that ED may be an adverse reaction to atorvastatin.

Pharmacovigilance Analysis failed to verify a causal relationship between atorvastatin and ADR, as the disproportionate analysis only provided an estimate of signal strength and could neither quantify the risk nor establish causation (Zhao et al., 2023).

MR analysis employs genetic variations as IVs to evaluate the causal association between the exposure factor under study and the outcome of interest. This method has many unique advantages, such as avoiding confounding factors and high reliability (Larsson et al., 2023). Therefore, we combined the two methods, merging the ability of pharmacovigilance disproportion analysis to identify AEs with the advantage of MR for exploring causality. This provides more robust evidence for clinical decision-making. Through four pharmacovigilance analysis methods, this study found that ED (ROR:3.707078559,95%CI(3.332503494.123756054), (PRR:3.702969038,χ2 (669.2853829)), (IC:1.870490139,IC025(1.702813857), (EBGM:3.656567867,EBGM05 (3.28709656)) were effective ADRs, and it was the PT with the highest frequency. Demographic findings showed that adults aged 45–60 years were more likely to develop ED after taking atorvastatin. These people are also high-risk patients for ED in general (Corona et al., 2023).

The most common timeframe for the occurrence of AEs is within 0–30 days after administration of atorvastatin. Therefore, it is crucial to closely monitor patients’ sexual function during the first month of treatment. The majority of reports regarding AEs came from patients, followed by doctors. This observation may indicate that some physicians tend to overlook changes in patients’ sexual function during their clinical practice. Additionally, our MR investigation indicates a possible association between atorvastatin and ED. These results align with the outcomes derived from our pharmacovigilance monitoring analysis. Therefore, combining these two approaches can effectively explore the adverse effects of most drugs, providing more comprehensive insights into their safety profiles.

ED is a significant vascular condition linked closely with risk factors like hyperlipidemia, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, inflammation, hypertension, and vascular endothelial function (Balta and Mikhailidis, 2019). Research by Ma et al. indicates that elevated LDL levels can increase the incidence of ED in youthful males (Ma et al., 2021). Currently, nitric oxide (NO) synthesis and release play a crucial role in erectile function, being considered the primary factor in the relaxation of penile blood vessels and the corpus cavernosum (Andersson, 2011). Statin drugs induce and regulate endothelial nitric oxide synthase to increase NO production in vitro (Tousoulis et al., 2014). Research by Roberto suggests that PCSK9 inhibitors significantly improve lipid levels in male patients with familial hypercholesterolemia, thereby enhancing erectile function (Scicali et al., 2020). A double-blind randomized controlled trial found that treatment with simvastatin for 6 months improved erectile dysfunction (Trivedi et al., 2014). A prospective study compared the effects of rosuvastatin and atorvastatin on erectile dysfunction. They observed that atorvastatin increased the risk of erectile dysfunction (Nurkalem et al., 2014). These results suggest that different statin types may have different effects on erectile dysfunction. However, Akdeniz et al. observed a significant reduction in the number of spermatogonia and spermatocytes in male Sprague-Dawley rats following 12 weeks of atorvastatin intervention compared to the comparison group (Akdeniz et al., 2021). In their animal experiments, Bolat et al. found that atorvastatin can rapidly decrease intracavernosal pressure under 10 V stimulation in rats, lower testosterone levels, and impact sexual function (Bolat et al., 2019). In their study, Baspınar et al. found that patients on statin therapy might observe a rise in NO levels; however, a decrease in NO levels could occur when their LDL-C levels reach 100 mg/dL. This decline in NO levels at lower LDL-C concentrations could potentially worsen the incidence of ED (Baspınar et al., 2016). This may explain why ED occurs with atorvastatin rather than other types of lipid-lowering drugs.

Atorvastatin may also cause ED because of its effect on testosterone, with studies suggesting that atorvastatin may negatively affect erectile function by interfering with testosterone synthesis and metabolism and reducing testosterone levels (Bolat et al., 2019). This impact could be linked to the hindrance of the cholesterol synthesis pathway, given that cholesterol serves as a vital precursor for testosterone synthesis (Dobs et al., 2000).

Nevertheless, it is crucial to emphasize the need for additional research to confirm these mechanisms and investigate other potential variables that could impact the association between atorvastatin and ED. Factors such as individual variations, dosage, and duration of atorvastatin use should also be considered in understanding this association. Further clinical trials and lab investigations will enhance our grasp of the intricate connection between atorvastatin and ED.

Atorvastatin is often used in combination with cardiovascular drugs as a lipidlowering agent. CVD and ED share common risk factors and pathophysiological associations, such as endothelial dysfunction and inflammation (Terentes-Printzios et al., 2021). Current studies suggest a complex interaction between ED and CVD drugs. Studies have shown that cardiovascular medications such as beta-blockers can cause ED (Silvestri et al., 2023). Therefore, a simple pharmacovigilance analysis may be inaccurate. This demonstrates the limitations of pharmacovigilance analysis of real-world data. Therefore, based on the results of pharmacovigilance analysis, we introduced Mendelian randomization to further clarify the causal relationship. To further provide evidence for the relationship between atorvastatin and ED.

The efficacy and safety data for atorvastatin were initially derived from preclinical trials. Because of the relatively small sample sizes used, however, Enrolled clinical trials may not completely mirror the real-world effects of medications on individuals, especially concerning safety aspects (Zhou et al., 2023).

FAERS is dynamically updated and open to the public as a post-marketing drug safety monitoring and reporting system (Moore et al., 2020). Continuous attention to adverse drug events is helpful for evaluating the safety of drugs and making the best choice for patients during clinical decision-making. Using FAERS for pharmacovigilance analysis has the advantages of being multi-centre, providing large amounts of data, and containing many samples. However, our study has some limitations. FAERS is an open database of self-reporting systems; hence the data quality is not standardised, owing to simple differences between uploaders. This may lead to deviations in the results. On the side, confounding factors, Factors like medication dosage, treatment duration, existing health conditions, drug interactions, and specific disease types pose challenges in terms of control.

Through thorough analyses integrating pharmacovigilance and MR, our results indicate a potential causal link, suggesting that using atorvastatin is linked to a heightened risk of ED. These findings underscore the significance of taking into account possible side effects, like ED, when prescribing atorvastatin for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. The combination of pharmacovigilance monitoring and MR holds great promise in identifying previously unknown or underreported ADRs. It offers a systematic and evidence-based approach to evaluate drug safety and contributes to the ongoing efforts in improving patient care and drug regulation.