Osteoporosis (OP) is a systemic disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, with a consequent increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture (Kanis et al., 2013). Fractures of proximal femur and vertebral fractures are the most serious types, both clinically and economically, associated with decreased quality of life, disability, loss of independence, and even mortality. As many as 22 million women and 5.5 million men suffered from OP in the EU in 2010. The costs of osteoporosis-related fractures were estimated 37 billion EUR. Incident fractures represented 66% of this burden, long-term post-fracture care 29%, and medications 5% (Svedbom et al., 2013).

In the Czech Republic, approximately 72,000 new fragility fractures were sustained in 2010. When adjusting the demographic projections for 2025, the number of incident fractures was estimated at 94,000 in 2025, representing an increase of 21,000 fractures (Svedbom et al., 2013). Approximately 9,300 women and 3,500 men aged over 50 years suffer fractures of the proximal femur every year (Štěpán et al., 2015). The remaining lifetime probability of hip fracture at the ages of 50 years in men and women was estimated to approximately 7 and 15%, respectively (Stepan et al., 2012).

Pharmacological treatment significantly decreases fracture risk. All patients being considered for treatment of OP should be also counseled on risk factor reduction including the importance of calcium and vitamin D intake, and physical activity as part of any treatment program for OP. Despite advances in diagnosis, treatment and management of OP at population level, large number of people with OP and/or osteoporosis-related fracture still escape attention. It is estimated, the proportion of persons over the age of 50 years who were treated increased from 0.6% in 2001 to 2.3% in 2011 (Svedbom et al., 2013).

The number of women over 50 with OP in the Czech Republic in 2010 is estimated 426 000. Around 80% of all patients treated for OP used bisphosphonates in 2013 (Fuksa and Vytrisalova, 2015).

The decision to evaluate bone mineral density (BMD) should be based on evaluation of fracture risk as a whole and skeletal health (Cosman et al., 2014). Patients with a prior fracture should be considered for treatment without the need for further risk assessment although BMD measurement may be appropriate, particularly in younger postmenopausal women (Kanis et al., 2013).

In the Czech Republic, many classes of medications are attributed to specific obligatory prescribing conditions (which specialists are entitled to prescribe respective medications with reimbursement, and/or for what subpopulation or disease states, it may be prescribed with reimbursement). Antiresorptive drugs may be prescribed by physicians specialized in rheumatology, endocrinology, orthopedics, clinical osteology, internal medicine, and gynecology for patients with OP (T-score below −2.5 SD) or for patients who experienced low-trauma fracture. Prescribing conditions of most antiresorptives have been liberated to allow for prescribing by general practitioners (GPs), i.e., after initial check-up by a specialist, prescription can be delegated to GP.

Our survey carried out in 2007 (baseline survey) showed insufficient knowledge and engagement in care for patients at risk of fracture with most commonly reported barriers to be financial limits set by health insurance companies and lack of authorization to prescribe antiresorptive drugs (Blazkova et al., 2010, 2012; Vytrisalova et al., 2014). Since then, “delegated prescription” was introduced, the guideline for GPs covering diagnosis and treatment was updated (Palicka et al., 2011), and educational activities with an emphasis on problematic areas were organized. Therefore, we expect improved knowledge of OP.

Otmar et al. interpret their qualitative study among GPs as follows: primary prevention in women younger than 65 years is relegated to a utopian healthcare system—an ideal world in which sufficient time, resources, and motivation are available (Otmar et al., 2012). That's why we focused particularly on secondary prevention in this survey. The aim was to evaluate selected areas of adherence to OP management. We focused on knowledge about OP and its connection with adherence to the guideline, steps taken after a fracture, and potential barriers in management among Czech GPs. Furthermore, to see the development in OP management in primary care, we discussed differences observed in comparison with the baseline survey.

On behalf of Society of General Practice and Society for Metabolic Skeletal Diseases, Czech Medical Association JEP, a postal questionnaire survey among Czech GP's was performed. Questionnaires were distributed to GPs randomly selected from a database of the Institute of Health Information and Statistics of the Czech Republic from September to November 2014. Those who failed to reply within 3 weeks (first round) were addressed again (second round). All questionnaires received within 2 months from the start of the second round were included in analyses. The flow of the responses through the study is shown in Figure 1. The study protocol has been approved by Ethics Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University.

Questionnaire form consisted of nine multiple choice questions and was sent together with stamped reply envelope. A cover letter signed by heads of the above mentioned professional associations was included. Besides demographic data, i.e., age, gender, length of professional experience, and community size, the questionnaire covered areas concerning (Kanis et al., 2013) the GP's role in the fight against OP, Svedbom et al. (2013) knowledge about OP, Štěpán et al. (2015) management of osteoporosis-related fractures, Stepan et al. (2012) barriers to the management of OP, and Fuksa and Vytrisalova (2015) availability and use of information sources.

Knowledge about OP included risk factors (13 items with yes/no response alternatives) and recommended calcium and vitamin D intake (2 items with open responses). One point was assigned to each correct, minus one point to each incorrect, and 0 to unmarked response. Knowledge score was calculated as a sum of all values assigned to each response. Maximum of the knowledge score was therefore 15 points.

Regarding the management of fractures, GPs were asked about steps which are taken when facing a patient with a fracture as a consequence of OP (multiple choice).

The overall questionnaire return rate was 37% (551 respondents); 33% in men and 39% in women, respectively. Characteristics of respondents are summarized in Table 1.

The GP's role in the fight against OP is rated as essential by 28 and 37% of men and women, respectively (P = 0.012). The GP's role was perceived as more important by respondents from larger communities (P = 0.039) and was not associated with either age or length of professional experience.

This survey among GPs is a simplified follow-up to our previous baseline survey with similar goals and organization (Blazkova et al., 2010, 2012; Vytrisalova et al., 2014). So far, certain attention to the topic of OP management among GPs has been payed (Taylor et al., 2001; Pérez-Edo et al., 2004; Chenot et al., 2007; Cortet, 2009; Dorner et al., 2009; Bruyère et al., 2013), however, fresh longitudinal studies monitoring development in this issue have been lacking. Similarly to 2009 Austrian survey relating to a preceding 1993 survey (Dorner et al., 2009), here we also report a marked improvement in a number of evaluated items compared to the previous 2007 situation.

Response rate of 37%, similar to previous 2007 survey (38%), was relatively high, compared to recent surveys among GPs in which the rates were up to one third of addressees. In Belgium, the response rate of 28% in the survey on perception and knowledge of the FRAX tool (Bruyère et al., 2013) and 30% in the survey on vitamin D supplementation prescription in nursing homes (Buckinx et al., 2016) was achieved. A national survey regarding sun exposure and vitamin D in New Zealand, which included more than one thousand GPs, achieved 32% (Reeder et al., 2012).

Perception of GPs' role in the fight against OP and its associated factors were also similar to our previous survey (Blazkova et al., 2010). Around 35% of respondents in both surveys considered their role as essential. Women and respondents from larger communities rated it as significantly more important than men and respondents from smaller communities. This could be explained by health education including those related to OP organized particularly in urban areas. Furthermore, female gender and more comfortable life style poor in physical activity are risk factors.

Similar to the baseline survey, the dominant source of information was guideline for GPs issued by Society of General Practice, Czech Medical Association JEP. This corresponds with efforts of the society which regularly sends all new guidelines as short well-designed booklets by mail to all GPs, and the guidelines are also freely available on the website of the society. The guideline was used repeatedly by 60% of respondents, which is slightly more than in 2007 (Table 5), and more than 19 of respondents found it easily accessible. The guideline use was followed by professional literature and conferences, both were used repeatedly by around 40% of respondents. Compared to the baseline survey, slightly more respondents also used guideline for specialists issued by Society for Metabolic Skeletal Diseases. Increased frequency of use of guidelines was accompanied by better knowledge and higher initiative in post-fracture care reported in the present survey, which is a positive trend.

We found out, in accordance with baseline survey again, very good knowledge, i.e., more than 90% of knowledgeable respondents, concerning main risk factors, such as age, glucocorticoid therapy, immobilization, and preterm menopause. Strong awareness of glucocorticoid therapy as a risk factor was observed also in qualitative study among GPs in Australia (Otmar et al., 2012) and in the study from the Netherlands (Duyvendak et al., 2011). Furthermore, respondents, women in particular, were more aware of risk factors which were roughly underrated in 2007 (Table 5). These include smoking, low body mass index, and anorexia nervosa. Improvement in knowledge of each factor by 15% is encouraging but still insufficient. Family history appears to be constantly undervalued. Better awareness of risk factors could be helped by wider use of FRAX, a simple tool that calculates fracture probability (available from https://www.shef.ac.uk/FRAX). It is based on individual risk factors and country-specific fracture epidemiology. Although mentioned in the guideline for GPs, Czech reimbursement rules and prescribing conditions do not take into account FRAX-based evaluations, and its use is rare in the Czech Republic even in comparison with Poland, Hungary or Slovakia (Kanis et al., 2014).

As many as 40% of respondents were knowledgeable of total daily intake of calcium and vitamin D recommended for postmenopausal women. This is also much better compared to the baseline survey, nevertheless still insufficient (Table 5). One reason could be that much inconsistency exists regarding the optimal doses and forms of calcium and vitamin D. In the survey among GPs from New Zealand, which was focused on sun exposure and vitamin D, 43% of respondents were not at all confident about vitamin D knowledge (Reeder et al., 2012).

Improvement probably reflects impact of educational activities regarding OP organized for GPs in recent years, increasing adherence to the guidelines, and increasing attention devoted to the topic in medical literature. As mentioned above, it is possible that women are more interested in OP since they perceived it a condition typically affecting them. Therefore, women can be more motivated to education or (at least) to find respective information at the time of the survey and mark correct answers due to social desirability. Gender-specific perception of OP-related topics has been published: e.g., greater concern about vitamin D intake than about skin cancer was expressed by women in the above mentioned survey (Reeder et al., 2012). Knowledge of several risk factors better in women corresponds with higher response rate and perception of the role in management of OP in women than in men. The gender difference was more remarkable than in the baseline survey. Taking into account rapid growth of medical knowledge and increasing demands on primary care, tendency of GPs to be more aware of conditions of personal interest is understandable. Despite much better knowledge compared to the baseline survey, lack of knowledge was perceived as a barrier by more respondents than in 2007 (Table 5).

Although younger GPs had better knowledge, similarly to other surveys including our baseline (Pérez-Edo et al., 2004; Blazkova et al., 2010), this merit (also similarly to the baseline; Blazkova et al., 2010) was not accompanied by higher self-reported quality of care i.e., activities when facing a patient with a fracture. Neither of active steps after a fracture was associated with age.

Respondents actively cared for patients after a fracture. Compared to the baseline survey, there was an obvious increase (by 10% of respondents) in performing all key steps, such as giving instructions on fall prevention, prescribing calcium/vitamin D and recommendation of lifestyle changes (Table 5). Slightly more GPs also refer a patient after a fracture to a specialist, if not yet under follow-up. This can be also associated with trust in DXA measurement as found in the study of Otmar et al. in which GPs expressed a high level of confidence in DXA, both as diagnostic and monitoring tool (Otmar et al., 2012).

Almost three quarters of respondents stated they prescribe calcium/vitamin D supplements to their patients after a fracture. In the survey of Buckinx, more than half of GPs systematically prescribe vitamin D to their patients in nursing homes (Buckinx et al., 2016). However, 60% of the respondents is not aware of the recommended dosing of the nutrients. It is not known whether the prescribing is appropriate (sufficient) with respect to dietary intake of a particular patient. Appropriate prescribing of the supplements is therefore probably still far from optimum. Uncertainty regarding adequate dosing could be caused by rapidly increasing clinical evidence of higher doses of vitamin D (≥800 IU a day) than used in the past, low dose of vitamin D in most combined supplements available at the time of the survey, and concerns about cardiovascular risk of calcium (Kanis et al., 2013).

As in the baseline survey, the most frequently stated barriers were lack of possibility to prescribe selected drugs and financial limits set by health insurance companies. However, perception of these regulations as barriers, compared to the baseline survey, decreased by 14 and 38%, respectively (Table 5). Reasons can be liberation of prescribing of antiresorptives and less strict budget limits. In the Czech Republic, prescribing conditions (for drugs to be reimbursed) play a decisive role in treatment algorithms. The reason is low willingness of patients to pay for drugs out-of-pocket and no private health insurance. In 2007, no antiresorptive and osteoanabolic drugs could be prescribed by GPs i.e., they could be prescribed exclusively by physicians with selected specializations. Until 2014, these conditions were liberated considerably, so in 2014 GPs could prescribe bisphosphonates and some other less utilized antiresorptives, such as stroncium ranelate, and raloxifene (Fuksa and Vytrisalova, 2015). Even though, the therapy must be initially indicated by a specialist. Naturally, this does not necessarily imply that prescription rate by GPs rose considerably and/or that GPs started using the new options widely, but the potential barrier and its perception might, at least partially, have been lifted.

Annual prescription budget limits placed upon the physicians by the insurance companies are often perceived as a barrier (Chenot et al., 2007). This “limit” essentially means that any single GP's spending (on prescription drugs separately) is benchmarked within a period (year) with all other GPs, as well as his/her spending is benchmarked with the same GP's spending in different years. Then those physicians spending overly (often due to prescribing expensive drugs) are penalized. These mechanisms are complex and regulated by many factors, starting from Czech Ministry of Health's annual decrees, which reflect the economic situation of the health care insurance budgets, and ending in the individual financial contracts between physicians and health insurance companies. Comparing the abovementioned annual decrees issued in 2007 and 2014 it is apparent that both the benchmarking rules and the limits changed: they were less strict in 2014. Also many of the concerned drugs, bisphosphonates in particular, saw a massive influx of generics followed by reimbursement price revisions leading to price decline between 2007 and 2014. For instance, reimbursement price of ibandronate (and other bisphosphonates) decreased by 60% in that period. Both factors point to the fact, that the GPs possibly perceived the threat of “breaking the prescription budget” as less important in 2014 than they did in 2007 (Table 5).

As mentioned above, treatment of OP can be provided by a GP in cooperation with a specialist, who can delegate prescription of selected antiresorptive drugs to the GP. Communication between GPs and specialists is probably relatively well managed; less than one fifth of the respondents (and also in the baseline survey; Blazkova et al., 2010) considered it as a barrier. However, one quarter of respondents believe OP should be managed by a specialist, and more than one quarter reported that more serious health problems are a barrier. These numbers are remarkably higher than in the baseline survey (Table 5) which corresponds with referrals to a specialist after a fracture reported also slightly more frequently than in 2007. Otmar et al. (2012) also found out that OP was something the GPs were not particularly concerned about, regarding their patients or the population as a whole. They ranked their own concerns about adults living with diabetes, osteoarthritis, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, cancers and depression higher than concern about OP.

Patient-related barriers almost doubled compared to our baseline survey (Table 5). One reason could be cost of therapy, even though relatively low. Most preparations containing calcium, have switched to over-the-counter (OTC) drugs in the Czech Republic, however there are still fixed combinations almost fully covered. It is also possible patients have problems with unusual medication regimens with prolonged dosing intervals. Most common antiresorptive drugs are oral bisphosphonates which should be used in a special way to ensure adequate absorption and avoid gastrointestinal irritation, separately from calcium supplements. Implementation of such regimens into daily routine, particularly in elderly with multiple therapy, can be of concern. Taking into account the asymptomatic nature of the disease, respondents stated that there are conditions perceived as more serious. Therefore, patients at risk of fracture, if not properly informed and motivated (e.g., using results of DXA monitoring) need not be adherent enough and/or willing to visit a specialist.

A random sample of GPs (more than one quarter of all Czech GPs) was addressed on behalf of the two most relevant professional associations, which was probably the reason of relatively high response rate. The rate, however, does not ensure a representative sample of Czech GPs. Factors which should be considered when extrapolating to all GPs are, similarly to other surveys, probable bias of volunteering (less knowledgeable GPs did not participate in the survey) and social desirability bias (tendency to provide answers which are expected by the investigator). However, potential overestimation of the knowledge and activities is probably very similar to the baseline survey, since the same method was used and similar response rate was achieved. The results provoke hypotheses possibly calling for further investigation, such as tracking real-world evolution of prescribing rate of antiresorptive drugs by GPs, which would help to uncover the changes in the barrier of prescribing. Such data analyses were not in scope of the present survey therefore may be a topic for future research.

GPs adhered to the selected areas of OP management more than in 2007 (baseline survey). Knowledge of most risk factors for OP was relatively high and much better than in 2007, probably due to educational activities targeted at GPs and the updated guideline. Relatively high self-estimated adherence to secondary prevention was observed. GPs reported to be more involved in post-fracture care, i.e., recommendation of lifestyle changes, prevention of falls, referral to a specialist, and prescribing calcium/vitamin D supplements. However, awareness regarding intake of calcium and vitamin D, and several risk factors (family history in particular) was still insufficient. Systemic regulations, such as liberation of prescribing conditions, less strict annual prescription budget limits, and influx of generics of bisphosphonates probably helped much to eliminate major obstacles in the management of OP perceived by GPs. However, impact of delegated prescription and prescribing of antiresorptives by GPs are unknown. Prescribing conditions therefore remain an important issue. Compared to the baseline survey, patient-related barriers to the management, patient non-adherence in particular, were more common, which seems striking. Education focused on calcium and vitamin D intake (doses, sources, and supplements), and support of the FRAX instrument use would be appropriate. It seems important to increase awareness about OP and its consequences among general public, elderly in particular, and to study patient-related barriers in detail.

MV: Conceptualized and organized the study. Carried out literature review, handled data, performed statistics, interpreted the results, drafted and revised the manuscript. TT: Handled the patient data and prepared the data for analysis. Carried out analyses and statistics. Prepared the figures. Drafted and revised the manuscript. LF: Conceptualized the study. Interpreted the results, revised the manuscript. RK: Organized the study. Handled the patient data and prepared the data for analysis. Carried out analyses and statistics. Prepared the figures and revised the manuscript. VP: Conceptualized the study. Contributed to interpretation of the results and revised the draft. SB: Conceptualized the study. Contributed to interpretation of the results and revised the draft. JS: Conceptualized the study. Contributed to interpretation of the results and revised the draft.

The study was supported by Charles University in Prague, the projects SVV 260 295, SVV 260 417, by MH CZ–DRO (UHHK, 00179906) and by the programme PRVOUK P37/11.