Front. Pediatr.Frontiers in PediatricsFront. Pediatr.2296-2360Frontiers Media S.A.10.3389/fped.2023.1098999PediatricsOriginal ResearchHsa-miR-323a-3p functions as a tumor suppressor and targets STAT3 in neuroblastoma cellsBhavsarSwapnil Parashram1OlsenLotte1LøkkeCecilie1KosterJan2FlægstadTrond13EinvikChrister13*Pediatric Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, NorwayDepartment of Oncogenomics, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, NetherlandsDivision of Child and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, UNN–University Hospital of North-Norway, Tromsø, Norway
Edited by: Yi Ji, Sichuan University, China
Reviewed by: Karina Salomao, University of São Paulo, Brazil Pablo Shimaoka Chagas, University of São Paulo, Brazil Miguel F. Segura, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Spain Graziella Ribeiro De Sousa, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, United States
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Background
Studies conducted in the last decades have revealed a role for the non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs) in cancer development and progression. Several miRNAs within the chromosome region 14q32, a region commonly deleted in cancers, are associated with poor clinical outcome in the childhood cancer neuroblastoma. We have previously identified miR-323a-3p from this region to be downregulated in chemotherapy treated neuroblastoma cells compared to pre-treatment cells from the same patients. Furthermore, in neuroblastoma tumors, this miRNA is downregulated in advanced stage 4 disease compared to stage 1–2. In this study, we attempt to delineate the unknown functional roles of miR-323a-3p in neuroblastoma.
Methods
Synthetic miRNA mimics were used to overexpress miR-323a-3p in neuroblastoma cell lines. To investigate the functional roles of miR-323a-3p, cell viability assay, flow cytometry, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, luciferase reporter assay and western blot were conducted on the neuroblastoma cell lines Kelly, SH-SY5Y and SK-N-BE(2)-C.
Results
Ectopic expression of miR-323a-3p resulted in marked reduction of cell viability in Kelly, SH-SY5Y and SK-N-BE(2)-C by causing G1-cell cycle arrest in Kelly and SH-SY5Y and apoptosis in all the cell lines tested. Furthermore, mRNA and protein levels of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) were reduced upon miR-323a-3p overexpression. A direct binding of the miR-323a-3p to the 3′UTR of STAT3 was experimentally validated by luciferase reporter assay, where miR-323a-3p reduced luminescent signal from full length STAT3 3′UTR luciferase reporter, but not from a reporter with mutation in the predicted seed sequence.
Conclusions
miR-323a-3p inhibits growth of neuroblastoma cell lines through G1-cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and the well-known oncogene STAT3 is a direct target of this miRNA.
non-codingmicroRNAsneuroblastomachromosome region 14q32chemotherapySTAT3210009UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, BarnekreftforeningenIntroduction
Neuroblastoma is one of the most common embryonal malignancies among children and 40% of all children diagnosed with neuroblastoma are designated as high-risk patients (1) with poor clinical outcome (2). Multiple treatment modalities are available, including intensive chemotherapy with autologous stem-cell rescue, surgery, radiation, and immunotherapy, which have improved the survival rate of high-risk neuroblastoma patients. However, many high-risk patients ultimately relapse and eventually die from disease progression. Treatment failure is mainly attributed to the development of drug resistance and is one of the major clinical obstacles in treatment of high-risk neuroblastoma (1, 3). Thus, development of more effective targeted therapies is required to address this issue.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are evolutionary conserved, endogenously expressed, small non-coding RNAs (∼19–24 nucleotides) that regulate gene expression by translation inhibition or degradation of mRNA. They are thus responsible for regulating the expression of genes involved in a myriad of cellular processes (4). Recently, miRNAs are shown to modulate drug resistance in multiple cancers (5). Some researchers have identified a differential expression of miRNAs in parental (chemo-sensitive) vs. resistant (chemo-resistant) cancer cells (6, 7). Interestingly, some molecular mechanisms underlying drug resistance have also been elucidated (8).
The MIR-323a gene is located on the chromosome region 14q32, a region frequently dysregulated in cancers (9–12). Several miRNAs from this cluster have been found downregulated in neuroblastoma cells from patients with relapsed disease (7). An aberrant expression of miR-323a-3p is observed in multiple cancers. MiR-323a-3p was downregulated in glioblastoma (13), osteosarcoma (14), pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) (15), breast cancer (16), colorectal cancer (17) and bladder cancer (18). Whereas in prostate cancer, miR-323 was upregulated and promoted cell proliferation (14, 19). The role of miR-323a-3p in neuroblastoma is unknown and investigation is warranted given the important role of this miRNA in other cancers.
STAT3 is one of seven members (STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5A, STAT5B and STAT6) of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) protein family (20, 21). This protein was initially shown to be activated in response to binding of cytokines and growth factors to cellular receptors, which activates membrane-associated janus kinases (JAK). JAK in turn phosphorylates STAT3 at specific residues to form homo/heterodimers and translocate to the cell nucleus. In the nucleus, STAT3 acts as a transcription factor, regulating the expression of a wide range of genes involved in survival, proliferation, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and immunosuppression (22). Zhou C. and colleagues have shown that downregulation of STAT3 induces G1-cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in esophageal carcinoma (23). Accumulating evidence suggests that STAT3 is activated by numerous activators (e.g., cytokines, growth factors, toll-like receptors, etc.) (22). Hence, dysregulation of STAT3 can lead to oncogenesis through various mechanisms. Several studies have identified different miRNAs having reciprocal interactions with JAK-STAT3 signaling pathway in different cancer types, for example, let-7 (24), miR-9 (25), miR-337–3p (26), miR-26a (27) and miR-135a (28). However, the role of miRNA directly targeting STAT3–3′UTR is not yet demonstrated in neuroblastoma.
We have previously observed downregulation of miR-323a-3p in post-chemotherapy neuroblastoma cell lines as compared to matched pre-chemotherapy neuroblastoma cell lines (7). In this study, we set out to understand the functional role of miR-323a-3p in neuroblastoma. Therefore, gain-of-function studies were set up by overexpressing miR-323a-3p in neuroblastoma cell lines, which had significant effect on growth and survival by inducing G1-cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Furthermore, we demonstrate STAT3 as a novel target of miR-323a-3p.
Materials and methodsCell lines and cell culture
The neuroblastoma cell lines Kelly, SH-SY5Y and SK-N-BE(2)-C [BE(2)-C] were all maintained at 37°C in RPMI-1640 medium with 2 mM L-Glutamine (Sigma-Aldrich) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Sigma-Aldrich), in a humidified incubator with 5% CO2 atmosphere. In collaboration with the Center of Forensic Genetics (UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, Norway), we authenticated the cell lines using short tandem repeat (STR) profiling. We confirmed absence of mycoplasma contamination in the cell lines using MycoAlertTM Mycoplasma Detection Kit (Lonza).
Transfections
For ectopic expression, 25–40 nM of miRNA-323a-3p or negative control (NC) mirVana® miRNA mimics (Ambion, Thermo Fisher Scientific) were transfected using Invitrogen™ Lipofectamine™ 2000 Transfection Reagent (Fisher Scientific) in OptiMEM medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Cell viability
Cell viability was assessed using alamarBlue® (Thermo Fisher Scientific) cell viability assay according to the manufacturer's instructions. 25 nM miR-323a-3p or NC mimics were reverse transfected into Kelly, SH-SY5Y and BE(2)-C cells seeded in 24-well plates. Cell viability at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after transfection were measured in a CLARIOstar microplate reader (BMG LABTECH) and calculated as the percentage of NC transfected cells set to 100%.
Flow cytometry
For determining the cell cycle distribution, Kelly, SH-SY5Y and BE(2)-C cells were first reverse transfected with 25 nM miR-323a-3p or NC mimics in 25 cm2 culture flasks. After 72 h, the cells were detached by trypsin, centrifuged, and washed with 1 × phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). An overnight incubation at −20°C in 70% ethanol was performed to fixate the cells. After 10 min centrifugation at 850 g, and a subsequent wash with 1 × PBS, fixated cells were added DNA-staining solution consisting of PBS with 50 µg/ml propidium iodide (PI) and 100 µg/ml RNase (Life technologies). Cells were protected from light and stored on ice during a 30 min incubation period prior to flow cytometry measurement of PI-stained DNA in a BD LSRFortessaTM cell analyzer (BD Bioscience). The Dean-Jett-Fox model for cell cycle evaluation was used for analysis in the FlowJo 7.6.5 software.
MicroRNA target prediction
A computational approach with miRDB algorithm (available at http://www.mirdb.org/) was used to identify miR-323a-3p targets (29).
RNA Extraction, Reverse Transcription and Quantitative PCR
Kelly, SH-SY5Y and BE(2)-C cells were transfected with 25 nM miR-323a-3p or NC mimics in 6-well plates. The QIAzol® Lysis Reagent (QIAGEN) was used for isolation of total RNA 24 h later according to the manufacturer's instructions. Quantity and purity of total RNA was assessed with NanoDropTM 2000 spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific).
For miRNA and mRNA expression analysis, complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesis from total RNA, and successive quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)-measurements, were performed as previously described (30). The qPCR cycling was carried out in a Light Cycler 96 SW 1.1 (Roche). For miRNA analysis the miScript primer assays Hs_miR-323–3p_2 (cat. no MS00037219) and Hs_miR-4286_1 (cat. no MS00021371) (QIAGEN) were used for miR-323a-3p quantification and as a reference gene, respectively. Using the web-based versions of the LinRegPCR program (https://www.gear-genomics.com/rdml-tools/) (31), we generated mean PCR efficiency for each amplicon group. Expression of miR-323a-3p relative to miR-4286 was calculated as: Expression = E(GOI)^ -Cq(GOI)/E(REF)^ -Cq(REF) (E, PCR efficiency; GOI, gene of interest (miR-323a-3p); REF, reference gene (miR-4286)) (32). The following primers were used for mRNA expression analysis: STAT3 (forward: 5′-CAG CAG CTT GAC ACA CGG TA-3′; reverse: 5′- AAA CAC CAA AGT GGC ATG TGA -3′), BCL2 (forward: 5′-TCG CCC TGT GGA TGA CTG A-3′; reverse: 5′- CAG AGA CAG CCA GGA GAA ATC AA-3′) and SDHA (forward: 5′-CTG ATG AGA CAA GAT GTG GTG-3′; reverse: 5′-CAA TCT CCC TTC AAT GTA CTC C-3′). SDHA functioned as a reference gene. Expression of STAT3 and BCL2 was assessed by the ΔΔCq comparative cycle threshold method according to Taylor et al. 2019 (33).
All reverse transcription (RT)-qPCR reactions were performed in triplicates on at least three independent biological replicates. For the mRNA expression analysis, the Student's unpaired t-test was used to calculate statistical differences between ΔCq values of NC-treated and miR-323a-3p-treated cell lines. Values are presented as the mean normalized expression ± standard error (SEM).
Western blot analysis
Cells were seeded in 6-well plates, and, 72 h later, trypsinized and lysed in 40 µl RIPA buffer (50 mM Tris-HCL pH 8, 150 mM NaCl, 1% NP-40, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, 0.1% SDS) containing 1 × Protein Inhibitor Cocktail (Roche) and 1 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) (Sigma-Aldrich). For PARP-cleavage analysis, floating cells were included. Total protein concentrations were determined using DCTMProtein Assay Kit (Bio-Rad) according to the manufacturer's instructions, and 40 µg protein was separated on a NuPAGE® Novex 4%–12% Bis-Tris precast polyacrylamide gel (Thermo Fisher Scientific) before blotted onto Immobilon-FL PVDF membrane (Millipore). Prior to fluorescence detection, the membrane was blocked for 1 h at room temperature in 5 ml Odyssey Blocking Buffer (LI-COR Biosciences) followed by overnight incubation at 4°C with primary antibodies: Stat3 (C-20): sc-482, rabbit, polyclonal (1:1000) (Santa Cruz Biotechnology); PARP: 9542, rabbit, polyclonal (1:1000) (Cell Signaling Technology); BCL2 (C-2): sc-7382, mouse, monoclonal (1:200) (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) and Anti-Actin antibody [ACTN05 (C4)]: ab3280, mouse, monoclonal (1:1000) (Abcam). After four (5 min) washes with 0,1% PBST, the membrane was incubated with secondary antibodies Rabbit IgG (H&L) Antibody DyLight™ 800 Conjugated (1:5000) (Rockland Immunochemicals) and goat anti-mouse-Alexa Fluor 680 (1:5000) (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and scanned in the Odyssey CLx Infrared Imaging System (LI-COR Biosciences). Actin was used as loading control. For quantification of protein, the ImageJ software was used (34) (available on imagej.net).
Reporter constructs and dual luciferase assay
The cells were grown on a 12-well plate and co-transfected with 40 nM mimics, 50 ng/ml pMIR-Report-Firefly construct (Ambion) and 100 ng/ml mutated (pLightSwitch-STAT3–3′UTR-mut) or wild-type (pLightSwitch-STAT3–3′UTR-wt) luciferase constructs harboring full-length STAT3–3′UTR.
The pLightSwitch-STAT3–3′UTR-wt construct was obtained from SwitchGear Genomics (Product ID: S813664). pLightSwitch-STAT3–3′UTR-mut construct with a mutation in the putative miR-323a-3p seed sequence was generated using QuickChange II Site-Directed Mutagenesis kit (Agilent Technologies). The primers used for mutagenesis were: Forward: 5′-CTG CCC AGC CTT ACT CAC TAA AAG GCC AAT AGC GGA CAA AGG AAA ATA AGT CTA TTT ATA A -3′; reverse: 5′-TTA TAA ATA GAC TTA TTT TCC TTT GTC CGC TAT TGG CCT TTT AGT GAG TAA GGC TGG GCA G -3′. To confirm mutation in the seed sequence, the mutant plasmid was sequenced using sequencing primer 5′- GAA ACG GGC TTC AGG TCA AAC CC-3′.
After incubation for 24 h at 37°C, luciferase activity was measured using the Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay (Promega), according to the manufacturer's instructions. The renilla luciferase activity was normalized to the firefly luciferase activity.
MicroRNA expression data
A subset of 226 primary neuroblastoma tumors, referred to as NRC-226 dataset, from the “Tumor Neuroblastoma NRC Compendium-NRC-364-mirg” miRNA dataset was used to obtain miRNA expression data. Table 1 summarizes the characteristics of the NRC-226 dataset. The dataset was generated using multiplex RT-qPCR assays and consists of tumors from the Neuroblastoma Research Consortium (NRC), a collaboration between several laboratories in Europe. The NRC-226 cohort consists of 55 tumors from Essen, 39 from Ghent, 92 from Amsterdam and 40 from Dublin. The R2: Genomics Analysis and Visualization Platform (http://r2.amc.nl) was used to generate Kaplan-Meier overall survival curves for patients with high and low expression of miR-323a-3p.
Characteristics of primary neuroblastoma tumors from NRC-226 dataset.
Characteristics:
No. of tumors:
%
INSS tumor stage:
Stage 1
40
17.7
Stage 2
32
14.2
Stage 3
30
13.3
Stage 4
95
42.0
Stage 4s
29
12.8
MYCN amplification:
Yes
40
17.7
No
186
83.3
Overall survival:
Event
60
26.5
No event
166
73.5
miR-323a expression data available:
Yes
195
86.3
No
31
13.7
Age at diagnosis:
<18 months
112
49.6
>18 months
114
50.4
Gender:
Male
98
43.4
Female
85
37.6
Nd
40
17.7
Total:
226
100
Statistical analysis
The associations between different characteristics of the cohort, including miR-323a-3p expression, and patient overall survival were calculated using a univariable Cox model (Table 2). Characteristics with p-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant and used in a multivariable cox regression model to evaluate independent predictors of survival. MiR-323a-3p was analyzed as a continuous variable using z-scores from R2. The coxph function from the R (v. 4.2.2) package “survival” (v. 3.5) was used to perform the univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses (35). The proportional hazard assumption was tested using the Schoenfeld residual method implemented by cox.zph function in the survival package. The variable “Age at diagnosis” violated this assumption (i.e., non- proportionality, p-value = 0.0067) and the final Cox model was stratified by this variable.
Cox regression analysis for miR-323a-3p in neuroblastoma tumor dataset. Univariable and stratified multivariable Cox regression analysis of the correlation between miR-323a-3p expression and clinical features for overall survival in the NRC-226 dataset.
Variable:
Univariable:
Multivariable:
HR (95% CI)
p value
HR (95% CI)
p value
miR-323a-3p:continuous z-scores
0.69 (0.53–0.88)
0.003**
1.00 (0.78–1.27)
0.987
MYCN amplification (MNA):0 = non-MNA,1 = MNA
7.06 (4.19–11.9)
1.98e–13***
2.38 (1.30–4.36)
0.0052**
Stage1/2/4s vs. Stage3/4:0 = Stage1/2/4s, 1 = Stage3/4
24.80 (6.05–101.8)
7.05e–08***
14.02 (3.22–61.05)
0.00043***
Age at diagnosis:0= < 18 m, 1= > 18 m
4.94 (2.70–9.03)
2.07e–07***
a
Gender:0 = Female, 1 = Male
1.10 (0.64–1.90)
0.735
b
HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.
Stratified in final model.
Not included due to non-significant in univariable analysis. Significance codes: * = “<0.05′, ** = “<0.01, *** = “<0.001′.
The GraphPad Prism (version 5.00) software for Windows (GraphPad Software) (available at www.graphpad.com) was used for all statistical analyses unless stated otherwise. Analyses are based on at least three independent experiments and presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Student's t-test was used to calculate statistical differences between means (n = 3) of control and treated cells. P-values *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 were considered to indicate statistically significant results.
ResultsmiR-323a-3p is differentially expressed in neuroblastoma cell line pairs and primary tumors
In our previous study, we reported a reduced expression of 22 miRNAs from the chromosome 14q32 miRNA cluster (including miR-323a) in post-chemotherapy neuroblastoma cell lines as compared to matched pre-chemotherapy neuroblastoma cell lines (Supplementary Figure S1) (7). We showed that miR-323a-3p expression was reduced in advanced stage 4 tumors as compared to stage 1–2 and in MYCN-amplified (MNA) tumors as compared to non-MNA, two well-known prognostic factors of neuroblastoma (7). When neuroblastoma tumor data from the Neuroblastoma Research Consortium (NRC) was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier method, we observed a significant association between low expression of miR-323a-3p and a poor overall survival (Figure 1). Furthermore, we assessed the prognostic effect of miR-323a-3p expression and different clinical characteristics using a univariable Cox proportional hazards regression model. The results revealed that miR-323a-3p, MYCN amplification, age at diagnosis > 18 months, and INSS Stage1,2,4S vs. Stage 4 were associated with overall survival (p-value < 0.05) (Table 2). The gender was excluded in the subsequent multivariable analysis since it was not associated with overall survival (p-value > 0.05). As expected, the multivariable cox regression analysis showed that the well-established prognostic factors MYCN amplification and INSS stage 4 were independently associated with poor survival. However, miR-323a-3p expression was not an independent prognostic factor associated with overall survival in the NRC-226 cohort (Table 2).
Low expression of miR-323a-3p is associated with poor overall survival in a primary neuroblastoma tumors dataset. Kaplan-Meier overall survival curve for patients with high (blue, n = 97) and low (red, n = 98) expression of miR-323a-3p.
Others have reported that miR-323a-3p is downregulated and acts as a tumor suppressor in various cancers (15, 18). Given these findings, we sought out to elucidate miR-323a-3p functional role in aggressive neuroblastoma.
miR-323a-3p inhibits growth and survival of neuroblastoma cells
To examine the relationship between reduced expression of miR-323a-3p and cell survival, we first evaluated the basic expression of miR-323a-3p relative to endogenous miR-4286 in Kelly, SH-SY5Y and BE(2)-C neuroblastoma cell lines by RT-qPCR. MiR-4286 is stably expressed in these neuroblastoma cell lines, as reported previously (7). We observed very low levels of miR-323a-3p in Kelly and SH-SY5Y as compared to BE(2)-C cell line (Figure 2A).
miR-323a-3p overexpression suppressed the growth and survival of neuroblastoma cells. (A) The basic expression of miR-323a-3p with respect to stably expressed miR-4286 in Kelly, SH-SY5Y and BE(2)-C cell lines were detected by RT-qPCR analysis. Data is presented as mean ± SEM of at least three independent experiments, each repeated in triplicates. (B) Cell viability of the cell lines Kelly, SH-SY5Y and BE(2)-C at 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 96 h post transfection with miR-323a-3p, measured with the alamarBlue cell viability assay. Data is presented as mean ± SD of at least three independent experiments, each repeated in triplicates. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs. the NC. RT-qPCR, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction; NC, negative control; miR, microRNA; SD, standard deviation.
Next, to check the transfection efficiency, we transfected Kelly, SH-SY5Y and BE(2)-C cell lines with negative control (NC) or miR-323a-3p miRNA mimics. RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated that the expression of miR-323a-3p was significantly increased in miR-323a-3p transfected cells compared to NC transfected cells (Supplementary Figure S2). However, the BE(2)-C cell line had lower transfection efficiency than Kelly and SH-SY5Y.
The overexpression of miR-323a-3p in Kelly, SH-SY5Y and BE(2)-C cell lines caused markedly lower cell viability than in NC transfected cells as measured by alamarBlue cell viability assay performed at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h post-transfection (Figure 2B). Collectively, these results demonstrated that overexpression of miR-323a-3p affects the growth of neuroblastoma cells.
miR-323a-3p affects G1-cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells
As cell growth is associated with the cell cycle, we analyzed the effect of miR-323a-3p overexpression on the cell cycle distribution in Kelly, SH-SY5Y and BE(2)-C by flow cytometry assay. Whereas miR-323a-3p expression did not affect cell cycle distribution in BE(2)-C, it significantly induced G1-arrest in Kelly and SH-SY5Y by 13.6% (p = 0.0042) and 17.5% (p = 0.0181), respectively (Figure 3A).
miR-323a-3p induces G1-cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells. (A) Kelly and SH-SY5Y cell lines were transfected with miR-323a-3p or NC mimics and cell cycle distribution was measured by flow cytometry assay. Data is presented as mean ± SD of three independent experiments. (B) Total PARP and PARP-cleavage (represents apoptosis) was detected on western blot in Kelly, SH-SY5Y and BE(2)-C cell lines transfected with miR-323a-3p. Quantification of cleaved PARP protein levels on the western blots (n = 3). (C) (B) BCL2 was detected on western blot in Kelly, SH-SY5Y and BE(2)-C cell lines transfected with miR-323a-3p. Quantification of BCL2 protein levels on the western blots (n = 3). Data is presented as mean ± SD of three independent experiments. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs. the NC. SD, standard deviation; NC, negative control; miR, microRNA; c-PARP, cleaved PARP.
To further assess the ability of miR-323a-3p to induce apoptosis, we transfected Kelly, SH-SY5Y and BE(2)-C with NC or miR-323a-3p mimics and determined the levels of apoptotic markers PARP-cleavage and BCL2 on western blot. The western blot analysis revealed PARP-cleavage in Kelly, SH-SY5Y and BE(2)-C by 197% (p = 0.0443), 671% (p = 0.0365) and 175% (p = 0.0079), respectively, as compared to NC transfected cells (Figure 3B). Moreover, we also observed a reduction in protein levels of BCL2 in Kelly, SH-SY5Y and BE(2)-C by 72% (p = 0.0017), 44% (p = 0.0007) and 76% (p = 0.0024), respectively, as compared to NC transfected cells (Figure 3C). BCL2 mRNA levels were also reduced (Supplementary Figure S3). Taken together, we show that miR-323a-3p reduces cell viability by inducing G1-cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells.
miR-323a-3p targets STAT3 in neuroblastoma
We used bioinformatics target prediction algorithm miRDB to find mRNA binding sequences for miR-323a-3p. The miRDB database revealed 793 predicted targets for miR-323a-3p. Additionally, a literature search was performed to check previously validated targets of miR-323a-3p in other cancers (Supplementary Figure S4A). We used RT-qPCR to scan through a subset of these mRNAs in Kelly cells transfected with miR-323a-3p mimics. Compared to NC mimic transfected cells, we observed several mRNAs that were downregulated. STAT3, which has not previously been validated as a direct target of miR-323a-3p, was consistently downregulated by more than 40% (Supplementary Figure S4B).
miRDB database identified a putative binding site for miR-323a-3p in the 3′UTR of STAT3 (Figure 4A). Thus, to confirm that STAT3 is a direct target of miR-323a-3p, we performed luciferase reporter assay by co-transfecting luciferase construct containing wild-type or mutant 3′UTR of STAT3 with miR-323a-3p or NC mimics. The results showed that overexpression of miR-323a-3p suppressed the luciferase activity of wild-type construct by 30.7% (p = 0.0014), but not the mutant construct, in SH-SY5Y cells (Figure 4B). Together, these data demonstrated that STAT3 is a direct target of miR-323a-3p in neuroblastoma.
STAT3 is a direct target of miR-323a-3p in neuroblastoma. (A) The putative binding site of miR-323a-3p (nucleotides 1,097 to 1,103) in the 3′UTR of STAT3 was mutated as shown in the figure with bold and italics. (B) Dual-luciferase reporter assay demonstrating the luciferase activity of a construct with a wild-type or a mutated 3′UTR of STAT3 in SH-SY5Y transfected with miR-323a-3p or NC mimics. Data is presented as mean ± SD of three independent experiments, each repeated in triplicates. **P < 0.01 vs. the NC. SD, standard deviation; miR, microRNA; NC, negative control; STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription; ORF, open Reading frame; UTR, untranslated region; wt, wild-type; MUT, mutated.
STAT3 mRNA and protein levels are regulated by miR-323a-3p
We next investigated whether miR-323a-3p could regulate STAT3 at mRNA and protein levels. The miR-323a-3p or NC mimics were transfected into neuroblastoma cell lines and the expression levels of STAT3 mRNA and protein were examined by RT-qPCR and western blot analysis, respectively. Overexpression of miR-323a-3p led to significant decrease of STAT3 mRNA in Kelly, SH-SY5Y and BE(2)-C by 42% (p = 0.0049), 31% (p = 0.0137) and 43% (p = 0.0039), respectively, as compared to NC transfected cells (Figure 5A). Moreover, STAT3 protein levels were also significantly decreased upon miR-323a-3p overexpression in Kelly, SH-SY5Y and BE(2)-C by 60% (p = 0.0079), 64% (p = 0.0070) and 75% (p = 0.0023), respectively, as compared to NC transfected cells (Figures 5B, C). Altogether, these data suggest that miR-323a-3p directly binds and inhibits the expression of STAT3 mRNA and protein levels in neuroblastoma cells.
miR-323a-3p reduces mRNA and protein levels of STAT3 in neuroblastoma cells. (A) The RT-qPCR analysis of STAT3 mRNA levels in Kelly, SH-SY5Y and BE(2)-C cell lines transfected with miR-323a-3p. Data is presented as mean ± SEM of three independent experiments, each repeated in triplicates. (B) Western blot assay demonstrating STAT3 protein levels in Kelly, SH-SY5Y and BE(2)-C cell lines transfected with miR-323a-3p. (C) Quantification of STAT3 protein expression on the western blots (n = 3). Data is presented as mean ± SD of three independent experiments. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs. the NC. RT-qPCR, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction; SD, standard deviation; miR, microRNA; NC, negative control; STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription.
Discussion
Analyzing neuroblastoma tumor data of miR-323a-3p revealed that this miRNA is reverse correlated with MNA and high-stage disease and that there is a significant association between low miR-323a levels and poor overall survival.
The miR-323a-3p plays a significant role in tumorigenesis by regulating various genes, and the mechanism of action of this miRNA differs from cancer to cancer (13–19). Observing low expression of miR-323a in neuroblastoma cell lines from patients with relapsed neuroblastoma and tumors from high-risk patients led us to hypothesize that overexpression of miR-323a-3p could have positive phenotypic effect on neuroblastoma cell lines. Indeed, cell viability was clearly reduced upon transient transfection with miR-323a-3p due to G1-arrest and apoptosis. Compared to the Kelly and SH-SY5Y cell lines, transfection with miR-323a-3p caused less reduction of cell viability in BE(2)-C, and failed to induce significant G1-cell cycle arrest in this cell line. This might be explained by lower transfection efficiency in the BE(2)-C cell line (Supplementary Figure S2), in addition to a higher pre-existing expression level (Figure 2A). Nonetheless, our study suggests a tumor suppressive role of miR-323a-3p in neuroblastoma, which coincides with most of the studies conducted in other cancer types (13–15, 18). It is worth noting that, in contrast to these studies, miR-323 was upregulated and shown to promote cell proliferation and growth of xenograft tumors by targeting p73 in prostate cancer (19, 36). However, the authors do not provide information on which miRNA (miR-323a or -b) or which mature miRNA (-3p or -5p) they have investigated. If they indeed investigated miR-323a-3p, the conflicting results merely demonstrate the dual roles of miRNAs. MiRNA's ability to regulate several targets within a cell can produce different phenotypes in different cells and diseases, and even within the same disease (7, 37). Therefore, understanding the cell or disease specific mechanisms of a miRNA through functional studies is imperative to develop targeted therapies.
Further elucidating the role of miR-323a-3p, we searched for its unknown targets. Expression of a selection of genes involved in proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis were screened using RT-qPCR in neuroblastoma cells transfected with either miR-323a-3p or negative control mimics. STAT3, a gene well known to function in apoptosis (22) and that induces G1-arrest when silenced in esophageal carcinoma (23), was significantly reduced by miR-323a-3p in all three cell lines, and a functional binding site for miR-323a-3p in the STAT3 3´UTR was confirmed by luciferase assay. Although other genes that could contribute to the observed biological effects mediated by exogenous expression of miR-323a-3p were observed downregulated (particularly SMAD2, TGFA and TGFB2), the levels of these were low (Cq-values >31) and therefore not studied further.
When analyzing non-MNA neuroblastoma tumor data, we did not observe a correlation between STAT3 and miR-323a-3p expression (data not shown). This underscores the importance of conducting further investigations to establish if the phenotypic effect we observe from upregulation of miR-323a-3p is indeed functionally linked to inhibition of STAT3. There are undoubtably other mRNA targets for miR-323a-3p that can cause the loss of viability and apoptosis that we observe. Crosslink immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing to detect miRNA-mRNA interactions could potentially have generated more targets to investigate.
MYCN amplification is one of the most powerful biological markers indicating poor prognosis in neuroblastoma (38). Analyzing tumor data, we see a lower miR-323a-3p expression in MNA tumors compared to non-MNA tumors, further supporting the assumption that miR-323a-3p is a tumor suppressor in this malignancy. Basic expression of miR-323a-3p in the three cell lines we have tested do not coincide with the tumor data. Considering the heterogeneous nature of neuroblastoma, variations between single cell lines will occur. Various biological factors, like chromosomal aberrations or gene mutations can alter the miRNA expression, thus accounting for the higher expression in BE(2)-C. As the number of cell lines in this study is limited, generalization of gene expression is restricted. Furthermore, compared to its isogenic counterpart, SK-N-BE(1), expression of miR-323a-3p in BE(2)-C is indeed downregulated (7).
The documented role of miRNAs to act as either oncogenes (oncomiRs) or tumor suppressor genes in multiple cancers has led to clinical trials aiming to reconstitute downregulated tumor suppressor miRNAs or inhibit highly expressed miRNAs. MiR-34 (MRX34) has been tested in a phase-I clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01829971) for treating solid tumors and miR-122 entered phase-II trial (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01200420) for treating hepatitis (39–41). Thus, strategies involving manipulating expression of miRNAs can be an important approach in treatment of cancers or other diseases. As our study suggests a tumor suppressive function of miR-323a-3p in neuroblastoma, it is intriguing to consider it valid for further testing. Although the number of cell lines used limits our study, it is indicative of the biological functions of miR-323a-3p in neuroblastoma and provides novel knowledge about the neuroblastoma targetome.
Conclusions
In conclusion, our study provides new insights into the functional roles of miR-323a-3p in neuroblastoma. We demonstrate that miR-323a-3p is downregulated in tumors with high-risk features. Moreover, ectopic expression of miR-323a-3p in neuroblastoma cell lines lead to reduced cell viability, G1-cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and caused reduced expression of STAT3 because of direct binding of miR-323a-3p to the 3′UTR of STAT3 mRNA.
Data availability statement
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.
Author contributions
SPB and CE designed the research. SPB, LO and CL performed the experiments. SPB and LO wrote the manuscript. JK contributed the NRC cohort overview, cox regression and Kaplan-Meier analyses. CE and TF reviewed the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Funding
This study was supported by grants from the UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, Barnekreftforeningen (Project number: 210009), Children's Cancer Association Troms and Finnmark, Helse Nord and Simon Fougner Hartmanns Familiefond. The publication charges for this article have been funded by a grant from the publication fund of UiT—The Arctic University of Norway. The funding organizations have no role in the design of the study, analysis, and interpretation of the data and in writing the manuscript.
Acknowledgments
We thank Professor Pieter Mestdagh, Ghent University, Belgium for providing us with miRNA expression data from primary neuroblastoma tumors obtained through the Neuroblastoma Research Consortium (NRC) initiative. We thank Dr. John Inge Johnsen, Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden for providing us with SK-N-BE(2)-C, Kelly and SH-SY5Y.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Supplementary material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fped.2023.1098999/full#supplementary-material.
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