Front. Oncol. Frontiers in Oncology Front. Oncol. 2234-943X Frontiers Media S.A. 10.3389/fonc.2025.1512465 Oncology Case Report Glomus tumor of the hyoid bone: a case report and literature review Shi Mingrui 1 Han Ming 2 Wang Jiale 1 Zhao Qi 1 Ren Chenghao 1 Li Huan 1 Yang Zihui 1 Wei Jianhua 1 Yang Xinjie 1 * 1 State Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China 2 Department of Pathology, Xijin Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China

Edited by: Yi Li, Sichuan University, China

Reviewed by: Guiquan Zhu, Sichuan University, China

Jing Zhou Hu, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China

*Correspondence: Xinjie Yang, yangxinjie@fmmu.edu.cn

04 04 2025 2025 15 1512465 16 10 2024 13 03 2025 Copyright © 2025 Shi, Han, Wang, Zhao, Ren, Li, Yang, Wei and Yang 2025 Shi, Han, Wang, Zhao, Ren, Li, Yang, Wei and Yang

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Hyoid glomus tumors represent an exceptionally rare clinical entity. This study details a case presentation of a hyoid glomus tumor accompanied by a comprehensive systematic review, aiming to expand the clinical and pathological understanding of these uncommon neoplasms while evaluating therapeutic approaches. CT imaging revealed hyoid bone destruction with features suggestive of a borderline neoplasm. Histopathological examination demonstrated local spindle-shaped cells exhibiting a chicken claw-like morphology, which showed strong immunoreactivity for SMA, calponin, and collagen type IV - findings consistent with classical glomus tumor characteristics. The patient was ultimately diagnosed with a glomus tumor of uncertain malignant potential. Postoperative recovery proceeded favorably, with serial follow-up imaging studies demonstrating no evidence of recurrence or residual disease over several months of surveillance.

 glomus tumor hyoid bone case report literature review differential diagnosis 82173165 National Natural Science Foundation of China10.13039/501100001809 section-in-acceptance Surgical Oncology Introduction

Glomus tumors (GTs) are perivascular mesenchymal neoplasms composed of modified smooth muscle cells, classified with myopericytoma, myofibroma, and angioleiomyoma. In 1812, Wood first described this disease as painful subcutaneous nodules, and Masson found that it originated from the normal glomus and named it GT in 1924. The general pathogenesis is the transformation of the arteriovenous anastomose-vascular sphere, which is believed to be formed by abnormal proliferation of the vascular sphere under the action of induction (such as trauma). It is more common in the distal limbs, sublingual and visceral organs and especially in the gastrointestinal tract, bones and mediastinum. Glomus tumors are rare, accounting for less than 2% of all benign soft tissue tumors (1). It is more common in adults aged 20 to 50 years, and half of them are aged 40 to 50 years. Subungual glomus tumors are more common in women (2), while glomus tumors outside the fingers are more common in men. It mainly occurs in the fingertip, and the treatment options are surgical resection and carbon dioxide laser treatment, which prevent relapse (3).

 Case

A 60-year-old male with an 8-year history of hypertension (blood pressure maintained around 151/89 mmHg) presented with a right-sided neck mass persisting for over two weeks. Physical examination revealed asymmetrical hyoid bone enlargement (right > left) with a 3 cm firm, ill-defined, fixed mass located superior to the right hyoid body; the overlying skin remained intact with no tenderness. Comprehensive physical examination demonstrated no musculoskeletal deformities or skin tumors (including clinical appearance of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)) and normal physiological reflexes. MRI revealed expansile right hyoid bone destruction ( Figures 1A–D ) showing hyperintense signal on fat-suppressed sequences with infiltrative margins. The lesion exhibited restricted diffusion (DWI hyperintensity with corresponding ADC hypointensity) indicating mylohyoid muscle involvement ( Figures 1E–I ), along with heterogeneous contrast enhancement ( Figures 1J–L ). Bilateral carotid sheath lymphadenopathy was noted (the largest node is about 2.1×1.0 cm) without cervical vertebral destruction. CT imaging ( Figures 1M, N , the left panel) confirmed a multiloculated expansile hyoid lesion with right-sided predominance, containing punctate calcifications and osseous septations, while ultrasound identified an irregular 12×15×26 mm mass. These are imaging characteristics collectively suggested malignant etiology.

MR&CT imaging of head and neck masses. (A-D) Contrast-enhanced MR imaging: Expansive bone destruction of the hyoid bone to the right. (A) Coronal T2W1; (B) transverse T1W1; (C) sagittal T2W1; (D) transverse T2W1; (E-G) FS; (H) DWI; (I) ADC; (J-L) Multilocular expansive bone destruction of the hyoid bone. The tumor is approximately 3.3 cm×1.5 cm in size, with punctate calcification and a bone ridge. The bone cortex was discontinuous at the edge of the lesion, and soft tissue protrusion was observed. The lesions showed mild enhancement on contrast-enhanced scans. (M) Bone window in transverse axis view. (N) Soft window the transverse in axis position. (Left: before surgery; Right: 2 months after surgery).

The mass was located within the hyoid bone with evident destruction and deep penetration. The central and right sides of the hyoid bone were notably affected. The mass, which was yellow–white with a soft texture and had a clear boundary and no obvious film, was resected and separated along the intact left side ( Figure 2 ).

A photo of the tumor removed during surgery. (A, C) hyoid bone (B) tumors (D) lymphoid and connective tissue.

Cytologically, the tumor cells were distributed around blood vessels, and the cells were oval with fine chromatin, and no nucleoli or mitotic figures were observed; these cells tended to be mesenchymal tumors ( Figure 3A ). Histologically, the tumor was well demarcated from the surrounding tissue and showed a lobulated growth pattern with a richly vascularized stroma. Mitotic figures were less than 2/10 HPF, and no pathological mitotic figures were observed ( Figures 3B–D ). The cells were positive for myogenic markers such as SMA, calponin, and type IV collagen (the latter of which showed a chicken claw-like morphology) while they were negative for Desmin, CD34, and S-100 ( Figures 3E, F ).

Pathological examination and IHC. (A) The tumor cells were distributed around blood vessels, and the cells were oval with fine chromatin. No nucleoli or mitotic figures were observed. (B) The tumor cells were lobulated, and the stroma was rich in blood vessels. (C, D) Some tumor cells were spindle-shaped. IHC: (E, F) The tumor cells were positive for SMA and type IV collagen in a chicken claw-like morphology.

 Discussion

A literature review was conducted in Pubmed, CNKI, Medscape and other databases with the keywords “oral glomus tumor”, “tongue glomus tumor”, and “hyoid glomus tumor” from 1949 to 2024. A total of 45 relevant global cases were collected ( Table 1 ). Male patients (n=25) were more susceptible than female patients (n=20). We found that 6 patients had tumors of the tongue (16.3%), 17 patients had tumors of the lip (37.8%), and 8 patients had tumors of the oral mucosa (17.8%). Other cases are mainly distributed in the jaw (4–45).

Cases of oral glomus tumor reported in the global literature.

Author Year Age Anatomical location Clinical presentation IHC Follow-up time Size(mm) Outcome
Von Langer (4) 1949 52(M) Hard palate NA NA NA NA NA
King (5) 1954 32(M) Gingiva Tenderness NA NA 6 NA
Kirschner Strass-burg (6) 1962 56(M) Gingiva/alveolar mucosa NA NA NA NA NA
Grande and D’Angelo (7) 1962 42(M) Hard palate NA NA NA NA NA
Frankel (8) 1965 13(M) buccal mucosa NA NA NA NA NA
Harris and Griffin (9) 1965 35(F) Periodontal/gum Pain NA 2 years 5*2.5 NED
Sidhu and Subherwal (10) 1967 10(F) Hard palate NA NA NA NA NA
Charles (11) 1976 17(F) Hard palate No NA NA NA NA
Lele (12) 1977 35(F) Hard palate Bleeding NA 6 months 15*10 NED
Sato et al. (13) 1979 29(M) Tongue No NA NA 3 NA
Tajima et al. (14) 1981 63(F) Tongue No NA NA NA NA
Saku et al. (15) 1985 45(M) Buccal mucosa No Actin(+)smooth muscle myosin(+) NA 45*30*35 NA
Ficarra et al. (16) 1986 51(F) Upper lip No NA NA 20 NA
Moody et al. (17) 1986 65(F) Upper lip No NA NA 10*5*5 NA
Stajcic and Bojic (18) 1987 55(M) Tongue NA NA NA NA NA
Tokiwa et al. (19) 1990 36(M) Gingiva NA NA NA NA NA
Geraghty et al. (20) 1992 71(M) Hard palate No NA NA 15 NA
Kusama et al. (21) 1995 57(M) Upper lip Tenderness S100(+), actin(+), desmin(+),vimentin(+), factor VIII(−) 4 years NA NED
Savaci et al. (22) 1996 55 (F) Mucosa of mouth Pain NA NA 10 NA
Sakashita et al. (23) 1997 54(M) Upper lip No NA NA 12 NA
Yu et al. (24) 2000 54(F) Left mandibular region, lip, mucous membrane No smooth muscle actin(+),S-100(−) NA NA NA
Kessaris et al. (25) 2001 46(F) Hard palate No Vimentin(+), smooth muscle actin(+), actin(−), desmin(−)chromogranin(−), neuron-specific enolase(−), epithelial membrane antigen(−)cyto-keratin(−),factor VIII(−) 3 years 18 NED
Rallis et al. (26) 2004 85(F) Upper lip Pain smooth muscle actin(+), muscle specific actin(+), vimentin(+), desmin(−),S-100(−), epithelial membrane antigen(−),neuron-specific enolase(−)AE1/3(−), Leu7(−), CD3,CD31,CD34,CD45,CD20(−), cytokeratin(−) 1.5 years 13*10*10 NED
Quesada R et al. (27) 2004 61(M) Tongue No NA 7 years 30 Recurrence
Lanza et al. (28) 2005 65(M) Lower lip NA NA NA NA NA
Maeda et al. (29) 2005 20(M) Jaw Vimentin(+), smooth muscle actin(+), HHF35(+) keratin(−) S-100(−) factor VIII(−), desmin(−) NA NA NA
Ide et al. (30) 2008 57(M) Upper lip NA NA NA 8 NA
Ide et al. (30) 2008 54(M) Upper lip NA NA NA 12 NA
Wang et al. (31) 2008 58(F) Buccal mucosa NA NA NA NA NA
Boros et al. (32) 2010 34(M) Lower lip No smooth muscle actin(+), muscle specific actin(+), S-100(+), kerarin(−), epithelial membrane antigen(−),CD34(−), CD31(−), chromogranin(−) 5 years 15*15*11 NED
Yoruk et al. (33) 2010 30(F) Buccal mucosa No smooth muscle actin(+),S-100(−), kerarin(−),p53(+)bcl2 (–)CD34(+),CD117(−)CD31(+), chromogranin(−)desmin(−) AE1/3(−) 1 years 20*11*5 NED
Derand III et al. (34) 2010 11(F) Lower lip No pancytokeratin(−), vimentin(+), smooth muscle actin(+), S-100, factor VIII(−) 7 years 3 NED
Veros et al. (35) 2012 24(F) Buccal mucosa No NA 2 years 10*10 Recurrence
Chou et al. (36) 2015 39(M) Upper lip NA NA NA NA NA
Kazuto et al. (37) 2016 44(M) lower jawbone Dull pain Vimentin(+),musclespecific actin/HHF35(+), calponin(+), typeIV collagen(+), smooth- muscle-actin(−), cytokeratin(AE1/AE3)(−), cytokeratin(CAM5.2)(−), CK19(−), CD31(−), CD34(−), CD68(−), p63(−), S-100(−), factor VIII(−), desmin(−) 10 years 45*30*30 NED
Monaghan (38) 2017 73(M) Upper lip No NA NA 10 NA
Vasconcelos et al. (39) 2018 67 (F) Upper lip mucosa Pain CD34(+), smooth-muscle-actin(+) Vimentin(+)S-100(−) cytokeratin(−)STAT-6 (–) 3.3 years 10 NED
Smith et al. (40) 2018 26(M) Lower lip Pain HHF-35(+)SMA(+) AE1/3 (–) CD31、CD34 (–) NA 15*5*5 NA
Smith et al. (40) 2018 58(F) Tongue No SMA(+), MSA/HHF35(+)S100 (–)p63(–)GFAP (–)AE1/3 (–)CD31、CD34(+) 1 months 20*10 NED
Zou et al. (41) 2018 24(F) Mouth floor Pain VIM(+)αSMA(+)AE1 (–)AE3 (–)CD31 (–)CD34 (–)S-100 (–)Ki67(+, 5%) 4 years 28*18*21 NED
Sánchez-Romero C et al. (42) 2019 51 (F) Upper lip mucosa Pain VIM(+)CD34(+),αSMA(+)HHF35(+)hCaldesmon(+)AE1/AE3(+)S-100(+)desmin(+) NA 10 NA
Naji Rad S et al. (43) 2020 62(M) Lower lip mucosa No NA 1 year 10 NED
Chandran S et al. (44) 2022 8(F) Lowerjawbone Pain Vimentin(+)SMA(+)desmin (–)p63 (–)CD34 (–)CD45 (–) NA 20*45*20 NA
Afroozi B (45) 2023 37(M) Buccal mucosa No CD34(+)AE1/3 (–)S100 (–)vimentin(+)SMA(+)CD31 (–)p63 (–) 2 years 20*20 NED
Our case 2023 60(M) Tongue bone No SMA(+),CD56(+),Hcald(+),Calponin(+)Collagen IV(+)Desmin (–)CK(AE1/AE3) (–),EMA (–),CD34 (–),S100 (–),Syn (–),CgA (–),Ki-67(+,1%) NA 12*15*26 NED

NA, not available; NED, no evidence of disease.

GT usually presents as a solitary small red–blue nodule with obvious pain when cold and touch clinically. Approximately 10% of patients have multiple lesions, and 9% to 60% of patients have abnormal bone changes. GT in the oral cavity is rare, with an incidence of only 0.6% (32). Approximately 45 patients were identified, with a wide age of onset (8 to 85), a mean age of 45 years, and more common males. GT in the bone is most common in the phalanx, followed by the vertebral body. Imaging shows osteolytic changes with sclerotic edges, which should be differentiated from bone hemangioma, aneurysmal bone cyst, bone metastasis cancer and tuberculosis, etc (46).

The tumor cells were small, round, uniform in size, lightly eosinophilic with occasional eosinophilic or epithelioid cell morphology, hyalinization or a mucinous matrix but showed no necrosis. IHC revealed positivity for SMA, Syn, and collagen IV, while S-100 was positive. However, CK, desmin, and CD34 tested negative. A recent study revealed that BRAF V600E mutations may be associated with a malignant phenotype in glomus tumors (47); however, larger cohorts and multicenter studies are required to confirm these findings.

Differential diagnosis

(1) Myopericytoma: There are no uniform round cells, and the characteristic oval and spindle cells grow around the blood vessels. There was some overlap with the morphology of the glomus tumor.

(2) Paragangliomas: These tumors exhibit nested organ-like growth. IHC: SYN(+), CgA(+), S-100(+), and SMA(+).

(3) Angioleiomyoma is composed of mature smooth muscle cells arranged in fascicles lacking round cells of uniform size. IHC: SMA and Desmin(+).

(4) Neuroendocrine tumors: Tumor cells with speckly chromatin in the nucleus. IHC revealed CK, SYN and CgA (+) SMA (+) and Syn(+) when they occurred in the gastrointestinal tract, and these tumors were easily misdiagnosed as neuroendocrine tumors.

(5) Suquet-Hoyer: This structure appears as a narrow lumen lined by a single layer of endothelial cells and surrounded by 4 to 6 layers of spheroid cells, which are regarded as specialized smooth muscle cells. Sometimes, this normal structure is observed in specimens from distal limb biopsies performed for other reasons and is mistaken for GT (48).

(6) Aneurysmal bone cyst: CT clearly revealed peritumoral ossification and calcification. The MR plain scan signal was heterogeneous; the fluid–fluid level in the lesion is its characteristic manifestation on MR images. An enhanced scan revealed uneven progressive enhancement (49). Eccentric balloon-like expansion may be observed on X-ray, and a large amount of blood can be drawn by local puncture.

(7) Hyoid chondroma: the tumor is located in the upper neck of the hyoid bone plane, is surrounded by a hyoid muscle group and is imperceptible, and can slowly occur in the mouth. Subjective symptoms are not obvious and are not easy to detect early. The mass is generally hard, well-defined, and benign and moves with the hyoid bone when swallowing (50).

(8) Hyoid chondrosarcoma: This type of chondrosarcoma is overwhelmingly low grade and presents as a slow-growing, painless mass on the lateral side of the neck. CT shows a dilated tumor with cortical destruction and matrix calcification, and focal exophytic lesions with intimal sector features can be seen in rapidly progressing chondrosarcomas (51). T1lWI is low, T2WI shows peripheral enhancement, and T8WI is high (52).

(9) Radiation-induced osteonecrosis of the hyoid bone: This is a common complication after radiotherapy for tumors that are often misdiagnosed as recurrent tumors. The typical imaging manifestations are cortical fragmentation, bone fragmentation, and air filling in the bone. Some patients have soft tissue enhancement signals on PET/CT, suggesting that FDG activity is significantly enhanced and is easily mistaken for tumor recurrence (53).

(10) Thyrohyoid cysts: They are most common near the hyoid bone (54). Ultrasound revealed a clear boundary, regular shape, and clear fluid inside. In some cases, strip-like septa can be seen. When the course of disease is long or complicated with infection, the internal echo increases, and the floating light spot can be seen the same for the echo of a solid mass, but the posterior echo is enhanced (55). The hyoid bone is rare, and inactive thyroid tissue and cholesterol particles can be found in the cyst wall (56).

GT often occurs in the glomus cell-rich parts of the extremities, especially under the nail bed of the fingers and toenails, and rarely in the skin, bone or internal organs. Lingual GTs are mostly located on the back of the tongue and are rarely more than 1 cm long and have red or medium textures and clear boundaries, without the triad of subungual GTs (pain, tenderness, cold shock) (57). According to the 2013 WHO soft tissue classification criteria, the diagnostic criteria for malignant glomus tumors are (1) marked nuclear atypia and any level of mitotic figures or (2) the presence of atypical mitotic figures. When the histological appearance of the tumor does not meet the above criteria for the diagnosis of malignancy but there is at least one atypical feature (e.g. a diameter greater than 2 cm, increased mitotic count, deep location, etc.) should be called a “glomus tumor of uncertain malignant potential” (GT-UMP) (58). According to the size and location of the tumor, this patient was diagnosed with GT-UMP. As for the IHC, the tumor cells were positive for α-SMA, MSA, h-caldesmon, calponin, vimentin and collagen IV. CD34 was positive in some patients, but desmin, AE1/AE3 and S100 were negative.

At present, the most common and effective method for treating GT is surgical local resection, but there is still a possibility of recurrence. For laser treatment, a C02 laser with an output power of 2~3 W can be used to punch into the subcutaneous or nail bed for direct coagulation, or an ND: YAG laser with an output power of 3~5 W and fiber inserted directly into the lesion for coagulation can be used. The treatment is simple and easy, and no special postoperative care is needed.

Typically glomus tumors are benign, but malignant glomus tumors have high potential for recurrence and metastasis. The prognosis of patients with malignant glomus tumors is good. However, the number of follow-up cases in the literature is limited, and the follow-up time is short, so the follow-up should be strengthened in practical work.

 Data availability statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

 Ethics statement

The studies involving humans were approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Third Affiliated Hospital (KQ-YJ-2024-152). The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. The participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s) for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.

 Author contributions

MS: Writing – original draft. MH: Writing – review & editing. JLW: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. QZ: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. CR: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. HL: Writing – review & editing. ZY: Writing – review & editing. JHW: Writing – review & editing. XY: Writing – review & editing.

 Funding

The author(s) declare that financial support was received for the research and/or publication of this article. This study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China 82173165 (XJY) and The Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province (Program No. 2022SF-129).

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The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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