In this study, we utilized bibliometric methodologies to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the literature on ferroptosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Our search was conducted through the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) (https://www.webofscience.com/wos/woscc/basic-search), a well-established database recognized for its comprehensive coverage of high-quality scientific literature, including primary citation sources, peer-reviewed journals, and conference proceedings. Recent studies have highlighted the database’s expansion, particularly in the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE), which has improved coverage of various disciplines (24–26). On June 27, 2024, we retrieved articles published between January 2010 and December 2023 indexed within the SCIE of WoSCC.

The search strategy was carefully designed using the terms “hepatocellular carcinoma,” “primary liver cancer,” “primary liver carcinoma,” “HCC,” and “ferroptosis,” focusing on their occurrence in titles, abstracts, and keywords. We restricted the inclusion criteria to English-language, peer-reviewed articles and reviews to ensure the relevance and quality of the data. During the screening process, one non-English publication was excluded. Literature records were exported with the option “Full record and cited references” and formatted in plain text for further analysis.

Two independent reviewers (L.N. and D.C.) screened the initial dataset, systematically removing duplicates and irrelevant studies based on predefined inclusion criteria. In cases of disagreement, a third reviewer (J.H.) was consulted to resolve discrepancies. This process was guided by established bibliometric protocols to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the dataset.

In this paper, we utilized various tools for bibliometric analysis and visualization. The annual publication count was organized and analyzed using Excel 2019. We employed VOSviewer (version 1.6.18) for country and institution analysis, journal and co-citation journal analysis, author and co-citation author analysis, and keyword co-occurrence analysis. VOSviewer is software that extracts key information from numerous publications and constructs collaboration networks, co-citation networks, and co-occurrence networks (27, 28). In the maps generated by VOSviewer, nodes represent items such as countries, institutions, journals, and authors. The size and color of the nodes indicate the quantity and classification of these items, respectively. The thickness of the lines between nodes reflects the degree of collaboration or co-citation among the items.

CiteSpace (version 6.1.R6) is another tool used for bibliometric analysis and visualization (29). In our study, CiteSpace was utilized to map the dual-map overlays of journals and to analyze references with citation bursts (30). We also used the R package “bibliometrix” (version 3.2.1) for thematic evolution analysis and to construct a global distribution network of publications on ferroptosis in the HCC field (31). The quartiles and impact factors of the journals were sourced from the 2020 edition of the Journal Citation Reports (32). The study’s flowchart is depicted in Figure 1 .

According to our search strategy, there were a total of 576 studies on ferroptosis and HCC (Hepatocellular Carcinoma) in the past decade, including 447 “articles” and 129 “reviews”.

The temporal analysis of publication trends reveals three distinct phases in ferroptosis and HCC research: Phase I (2013–2015), Phase II (2016–2018), and Phase III (2019–2023) ( Figure 2 ). Phase I marks the foundational stage, with minimal publications focusing on the basic mechanisms of ferroptosis and its relevance to liver diseases. Phase II shows gradual growth, averaging 8.3 articles per year, reflecting initial explorations into ferroptosis-related biomarkers and its interplay with other cell death pathways. Phase III demonstrates rapid expansion, with an annual average exceeding 100 publications. This phase highlights the increasing focus on translational research, including ferroptosis-based therapies, immunotherapy, and combination treatments for HCC. The significant publication surge in Phase III, peaking at 212 in 2023, underscores the field’s growing clinical relevance. These phases illustrate the dynamic evolution of ferroptosis research, transitioning from foundational studies to cutting-edge applications, providing insights into future directions for HCC therapy.

It is noteworthy that the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) underwent significant expansions in various directions at multiple points in time, including in 2005, 2015, and 2018. These expansions involved the inclusion of new types of literature, an increase in regional journals, and adaptations to open-access publishing models. The significant increase in the number of publications we retrieved can be partially attributed to these expansions in the Web of Science database (33).

These publications emanate from 34 distinct nations and 685 institutions. The nations with the highest publication outputs, constituting the top decile, are dispersed across Asia, North America, and Europe, with a pronounced emphasis on Asia (n=4) and Europe (n=5), as detailed in Table 1 . Within this cohort, China is preeminent, contributing the majority of research articles (n=481, 83.5%), succeeded by the United States (n=57, 9.9%). Notable contributions are also observed from France, Japan, Germany, South Korea, and Italy, with a relatively equitable distribution of publications. China’s dominance in the research of ferroptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is unequivocal. The aggregate publications from China and the United States represent a substantial 93.4% of the total academic output in this domain.

Subsequently, employing a filtration criterion of a minimum of two publications, we visualized and analyzed a collaborative network among the 34 nations, delineating the relationships and publication volumes of each, as depicted in Figure 3 . Figure 3 illustrates a robust tapestry of collaborative efforts among various nations. Particularly salient is the robust partnership between China and the United States. Additionally, China exhibits significant collaborative ties with France, Germany, and Japan. The United States, in turn, engages in proactive collaborative relationships with France, Japan, South Korea, and other nations. This collaborative framework underscores the global synergy in advancing the understanding of HCC and its associated pathological mechanisms.

The top ten institutions by publication count are all from China. The most prolific institutions in publishing relevant scholarly articles are Sun Yat-sen University (n=29, 5.0%), Central South University (n=27, 4.7%), Zhejiang University (n=23, 4.0%), and Wenzhou Medical University (n=22, 3.8%). Following this, a visual representation was constructed of a collaboration network for 102 institutions that met or exceeded a threshold of three published papers, based on the volume and relational aspects of their scholarly contributions ( Figure 4 ). Analysis of Figure 4 reveals that Sun Yat-sen University enjoys a robust collaborative relationship with Southern Medical University and Guangzhou Medical University. Similarly, Central South University exhibits active collaboration with Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine and Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. A noteworthy partnership is also observed between Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine and Southern Medical University. Additionally, Zhejiang University is closely connected with Wenzhou Medical University, which in turn has a strong collaborative tie with Fudan University, among other institutions. The network of these publishing institutions demonstrates a high degree of interconnectedness, reflecting the field’s capacity to garner the focused attention and investment from a multitude of institutions. This interconnectivity suggests a significant level of resource sharing and exchange, including research materials, data, and experimental apparatus, which may enhance collaborative research endeavors within the domain.

Publications related to ferroptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have appeared across 250 journals. Table 2 lists the top 10 journals publishing research in this field. The journal with the highest number of publications is Frontiers in Oncology (n = 32, 5.6%), followed by Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology (n = 18, 3.1%), Cell Death & Disease (n = 15, 2.6%), and International Journal of Molecular Sciences (n = 15, 2.6%). Among these top 10 journals, all are classified in the top two Journal Impact Factor (JIF) quartiles (Q1 or Q2) according to the Journal Citation Reports (JCR). The journal with the highest impact factor is Advanced Science (IF = 14.3), with Cell Death & Disease being the next highest (IF = 8.0).

Subsequently, we filtered out 58 journals based on a minimum publication threshold of three and created two visualizations: the distribution of active journals ( Figure 5A ) and the co-citation network of journals ( Figure 5B ). Figure 5A represents a density map of journals actively publishing on ferroptosis and HCC, where the size of each label corresponds to the number of publications, and the proximity of journals indicates the degree of thematic similarity. Prominent journals, such as Frontiers in Oncology and Cell Death & Disease, appear at the center, reflecting their significant contributions to the field. Figure 5B depicts the co-citation network of journals, highlighting the relationships between journals frequently cited together. The size of the nodes represents the frequency of co-citations, while the clustering (indicated by different colors) reveals distinct research domains or subfields within ferroptosis and HCC. For instance, clusters associated with Hepatology and Nature are indicative of foundational and high-impact research. These visualizations provide an overview of the academic landscape and key contributors, offering insights into the interconnectedness and influence of various journals in this research area.

We have also listed the top 10 journals by citation count, as detailed in Table 3 . The high citation frequency of journals such as Cell, Nature, and Hepatology indicates a significant level of trust and reliance on the findings published in these prestigious periodicals within the field. These analyses indicate that research on ferroptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is predominantly published in specialized journals within the fields of oncology, cell and developmental biology, as well as cell death and disease. Furthermore, they enable us to discern which journals in specific domains pay closer attention to the subject of ferroptosis in HCC, thereby reflecting the current trends and the focal points of research interest.

To ensure the accuracy of the author analysis and to minimize the occurrence of author name duplication, we combined the information of the authors’ affiliated institutions in our analysis to distinguish whether authors with the same name are the same person. Upon analysis, a total of 3,925 researchers have made contributions in the field of ferroptosis and HCC. By setting a threshold of at least 3 published papers, we constructed an author collaboration network ( Figure 6A ). Among these authors, the top five contributors, all from China, are Tang Daolin, Li Jie, Kang Rui, Li Li, and Wang Yi, with 11, 9, 7, 7, and 7 publications respectively. Figure 6A illustrates the frequent collaborative interactions among these authors, particularly highlighting the close collaborations between Tang Daolin and Kang Rui; Li Li and Hu Zongqiang; and Li Jie and Wang Qi, who also have significant publication volumes.

For the co-cited author network ( Figure 6B ), we set a minimum citation threshold of 20. Among the 3,925 authors, seven have been cited more than 200 times, as detailed in Table 4 . The most frequently co-cited author is Dixon S.J., with 550 citations, followed by Yang W.S. (n=362) and Sun X.F. (n=297). Figure 6B clearly shows that these highly co-cited authors also have close collaborative relationships.

These analyses demonstrate the strong presence and contributions of Chinese researchers in the field of HCC and ferroptosis. The collaborative relationships and publication volumes indicate the existence of core research teams in this field. Furthermore, the co-citation network reveals that these highly cited authors are not only influential but also likely part of a tightly connected research community.

Between 2010 and 2023, research on HCC and ferroptosis amassed a total of 25,889 academic citations. We constructed a co-citation network graph ( Figure 7A ) using literature cited at least 15 times. The top three cited publications originated from the United States and China, published in “Cell” and “Hepatology,” respectively (34–36). Detailed information on the top ten cited papers is provided in Table 5 , Figure 7A illustrates significant co-citation relationships among these publications.

The term “sudden surge in citations” describes a phenomenon where a particular research field or direction experiences a rapid increase in the number of citations for specific areas or papers within a short period. This occurrence often indicates that new research findings or breakthroughs have emerged in the field, leading to a surge in attention and citations. We have listed the top 25 publications in Figure 7B that exhibit a surge in citation counts and a strong citation burst. Each bar in the graph represents a year, with red bars indicating intense citation bursts. The first notable surge occurred in 2013, with the most recent in 2020. The publication with the highest citation burst intensity was Sun XF et al.’s 2016 article in “Hepatology,” titled “Activation of the p62-Keap1-NRF2 pathway protects against ferroptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells,” with a burst period spanning 2016-2021. On average, these 25 publications experienced a citation burst intensity of 12 times, lasting between 2 to 5 years.

We conducted an in-depth exploration of popular topics within a specific research field through keyword co-occurrence analysis. In our analysis of 576 papers, we identified 2,035 keywords. To ensure the rigor of our analysis, we filtered out keywords that appeared fewer than three times. Figure 8A displays the high-frequency keywords in the “ferroptosis and HCC” domain, with the thickness of the lines between nodes indicating the strength of the associations between keywords. Table 6 lists the top 30 keywords ranked by frequency. In addition to “ferroptosis” and “hepatocellular carcinoma,” keywords such as “prognosis,” “sorafenib,” “autophagy,” “tumor microenvironment,” “lipid peroxidation,” and “apoptosis” stand out with high node connectivity.

Further analysis of the trend in research topics ( Figure 8B ) reveals the evolution of the research focus. In relatively early studies, the appearance of “glutathione” and “hepatic stellate cell” indicates an increased interest in liver diseases, particularly in cell types and antioxidant mechanisms related to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Additionally, “metastasis” as a critical topic in cancer research shows a sustained interest in the mechanisms of cancer spread. Over time, keywords related to oxidative stress, such as “ferroptosis” and “reactive oxygen species,” have gained more attention, possibly reflecting a new interest in the role of oxidative stress in disease development. In recent years, research has primarily focused on cancer treatment and mechanisms, with keywords like “autophagy” and “immunotherapy” frequently appearing in the context of cancer treatment. Moreover, “hepatocellular carcinoma” as a specific type of cancer has received significant attention. From the term frequency analysis, “prognosis” has also emerged as a central topic in the research.

Overall, the frequency and trend of these keywords reveal an in-depth exploration of disease mechanisms, treatment strategies, and specific pathological processes in the field of medical research, as well as a shift in research focus.

Our research findings indicate that over the past decade, there has been a significant increase in studies on ferroptosis in HCC, with a marked surge from 2019 to 2021, and peaking in 2023. This upward trend underscores the growing scientific interest in the correlation between ferroptosis and HCC. Publications from the top ten countries span Asia, North America, and Europe. China stands out, contributing the majority of research articles (83.5%), followed by the United States (9.9%). The combined output from China and the United States accounts for 93.4% of the total academic contributions in this field. The dominance of China in ferroptosis research in HCC is evident and aligns with previous findings.

While China and the United States exhibit strong research collaboration, their engagement with other global partners appears relatively limited. China has collaborated with over ten countries, occupying a central position in the collaboration network. However, there is potential for further strengthening alliances with European and American countries. This collaborative framework highlights the global synergistic efforts in enhancing the understanding of HCC and its associated pathological mechanisms.

Regarding the institutions associated with these publications, Chinese institutions prominently occupy the top ten, reflecting the crucial role of Chinese researchers in this field. This phenomenon may be attributed to the higher prevalence of HCC in Asia and the increased emphasis on cancer research in developing countries (42, 43). Sun Yat-sen University emerges as the most prolific, maintaining extensive collaborations with institutions like Southern Medical University, Central South University, and Zhejiang University, likely facilitated by geographic proximity and shared research interests.

Overall, China’s dominant role in ferroptosis and HCC research can be attributed to several interconnected factors. First, substantial government investment in scientific research has provided a robust infrastructure, facilitating cutting-edge studies in oncology and related fields. According to recent reports, China allocates significant funding to cancer research, supporting both basic and translational studies (44). This financial commitment is further bolstered by policies promoting high-impact publications, incentivizing researchers to contribute actively to international journals. Second, as mentioned earlier, the high incidence of HCC in China has been pivotal in shaping the research landscape. As one of the countries with the highest burden of liver cancer globally, there is an urgent need to explore innovative therapeutic strategies, including ferroptosis-targeted treatments. This epidemiological reality drives research priorities and fosters interdisciplinary collaborations (45). Third, China’s strong international collaboration networks have enhanced the output and quality of its research. As our analysis highlights, partnerships between China and the United States, as well as collaborations with European countries like Germany and France, underscore the synergistic efforts in advancing HCC understanding. These collaborations bring diverse expertise and resources, strengthening the impact of Chinese research. Finally, the increasing focus on bibliometric analysis and visualization techniques has enabled Chinese researchers to efficiently identify emerging trends and research frontiers, aligning their work with global priorities. Together, these factors have positioned China as a leader in publication volume in this field.

As shown in Table 2 , the top ten journals publishing research on HCC and ferroptosis are committed to quality and impact, all classified in the top two JIF quartiles (Q1 or Q2) according to the Journal Citation Reports (JCR). This esteemed group includes “Frontiers in Oncology,” which has published 32 papers on the topic, and “Advanced Science,” which has the highest impact factor. The prominence of these journals among the top ten highlights the importance of oncology, cell and developmental biology, and cell death and disease as key research areas within this field. According to a study published in Scientometrics in 2016 (46), over 25% of SCIE articles were published in top-quartile (Q1) journals, highlighting their central role in the academic community. Due to their high impact and widespread recognition, Q1 journals attract a substantial volume of high-quality research, driving academic dissemination while reflecting the concentration of premium research resources in leading institutions. Furthermore, the current research evaluation system’s bias toward Q1 journals enhances their appeal, creating a positive feedback loop between submission preferences and academic recognition. However, this dynamic also results in greater opportunities for research in trending fields to appear in Q1 journals, while studies in less prominent areas face fewer opportunities for publication. With the rise of open-access publishing, some high-impact open-access journals have entered the Q1 category, further increasing the proportion of articles published in these journals. Therefore, while Q1 journals dominate the dissemination of academic findings, over-reliance on Q1 metrics in evaluation systems risks exacerbating the unequal distribution of research resources and opportunities. A more balanced evaluation approach is needed to support the diversification of academic research.

High citation counts indicate that influential studies have made significant contributions to advancing knowledge in this specific domain. In the field of ferroptosis and HCC, citation analysis reveals a concentration of influential research. The most cited publication is “Ferroptosis: an iron-dependent form of nonapoptotic cell death” by Dixon S.J., published in “Cell.” This pioneering paper introduces the discovery and characteristics of ferroptosis, providing potential targets for developing therapeutic strategies against specific types of tumors, and has become a milestone in the research area. The second most cited paper, authored by Sun X.F. from China and published in “Hepatology,” is titled “Activation of the p62-Keap1-NRF2 pathway protects against ferroptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells.” This study reveals that the activation of the p62-Keap1-NRF2 pathway plays a crucial role in protecting against ferroptosis in HCC, leading scholars to explore key pathways involved in ferroptosis and shifting the research focus significantly. The emergence of these studies has laid the foundation for subsequent research on key molecules such as glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) (47), system Xc- (SLC7A11) (48), and critical pathways like the Nrf2-ARE (49) and p53 (50) pathways. Notably, while China has the highest output in this field, the most cited publications predominantly come from the United States and Europe. This discrepancy indicates that although Chinese scholars have made outstanding contributions to this domain, the quality of their publications still needs improvement to achieve broader global impact.

The analysis of the “Citation Bursts” section reveals pivotal moments within the fields of HCC and ferroptosis that have garnered academic attention (51). Starting from 2013 and particularly by 2020, a significant increase in citation numbers reflects substantial research advancements in this domain. A publication by Sun X.F. et al. in the journal Hepatology in 2016, which discusses the protective role of the p62-Keap1-NRF2 pathway in modulating the susceptibility of HCC cells to ferroptosis, stands out with the highest intensity of citation bursts. The impact of this particular study was evident during the burst period from 2016 to 2021, highlighting the potential role of NRF2 in the therapeutic response of HCC cells to ferroptosis-targeted treatments (18, 35, 52, 53).

Delving into the “Keywords and Trend Topics” analysis unveils the evolution of research focus areas. High-frequency keywords identified through co-occurrence analysis reflect the core themes and focal areas within the field. “Ferroptosis” and “hepatocellular carcinoma” are central to the research discourse, while other keywords such as “prognosis,” “sorafenib,” “autophagy,” (54, 55) “tumor microenvironment,” (56) “lipid peroxidation,” and “apoptosis” exhibit high node connectivity (57). These keywords not only indicate the multifaceted nature of the field but also underline its translational significance. For instance, the increased focus on “autophagy” and “immunotherapy” (58, 59) suggests potential therapeutic avenues that integrate ferroptosis modulation to improve HCC treatment outcomes. Similarly, the emphasis on “tumor microenvironment” points to opportunities for combining ferroptosis-based therapies with strategies targeting immune infiltration to enhance anti-tumor responses.

Recent trends further reveal that identifying novel biomarkers for early detection and prognosis has become a key focus, with applications in precision medicine. Innovative therapies, including ferroptosis-inducing agents combined with immunotherapeutic approaches, are actively being explored for their potential to improve HCC prognosis and survival rates (60–62). Researchers are increasingly employing systems biology approaches (63, 64), high-throughput screening (19, 65), and computational models (66, 67), making future research more interdisciplinary and clinically actionable.

In summary, the citation bursts and keyword trends highlight the dynamism and translational potential of research in HCC and ferroptosis. These analyses not only reflect the current state of knowledge but also signal future directions, particularly in developing ferroptosis-targeted therapies to improve clinical outcomes. The discussions underscore the vibrancy of the field and its potential to advance patient care, offering new hope for individuals afflicted with this devastating disease.

Ferroptosis has emerged as a pivotal mechanism in HCC, offering novel therapeutic opportunities. Despite significant advancements, several key areas require further exploration to fully harness ferroptosis for clinical applications. One promising direction is the integration of ferroptosis-targeted therapies with existing immunotherapy and chemotherapy regimens. Ferroptosis has been shown to modulate immune responses by altering the tumor microenvironment, particularly through the regulation of immune cell infiltration and oxidative stress mechanisms (7, 68). Combining ferroptosis-inducing agents with immune checkpoint inhibitors or traditional chemotherapeutics could potentially overcome treatment resistance and enhance therapeutic efficacy. Furthermore, understanding the role of ferroptosis in the tumor microenvironment could reveal new strategies to target stromal cells and reprogram tumor-associated macrophages, improving the overall antitumor response (3). High-throughput screening and systems biology approaches are crucial for identifying novel ferroptosis-related biomarkers, which could aid in early diagnosis, prognosis, and personalized treatment planning. For example, biomarkers like GPX4 and ACSL4 have been recognized as key mediators of ferroptosis, and their clinical relevance warrants further validation (69, 70).

Finally, future studies should explore the heterogeneity of ferroptosis in different HCC subtypes to uncover tailored therapeutic strategies. Integrating multi-omics data, such as transcriptomics, metabolomics, and proteomics, could deepen our understanding of ferroptosis pathways and their interplay with other cell death mechanisms, paving the way for precision medicine approaches. By addressing these gaps, ferroptosis research has the potential to revolutionize HCC therapy and improve patient outcomes.