Gastrointestinal cancer, which includes esophageal cancer (EC), gastric cancer (GC), and colorectal cancer (CRC), is a major contributor to global cancer-related mortality. In 2020, gastrointestinal cancer accounted for 2,228,749 deaths worldwide (1). Among gastrointestinal cancers, CRC was the second most prevalent at 9.4%, followed by GC (7.7%) and EC (5.5%). The incidence of gastrointestinal cancers is expected to continue increasing over the next decade. In Asia, the incidence of GC is projected to reach approximately 20 cases per 100,000 individuals (2). Moreover, the global burden of GC is expected to increase by 62% by 2040 (3), while CRC incidence is projected to reach 3.2 million new cases, with 1.6 million deaths by 2040 (4). Despite advancements in multidisciplinary treatments, gastrointestinal cancer mortality remains high. Prognostic biomarkers are needed to identify high-risk patients and enable personalized therapy, potentially improving prognosis.

Cancer-associated inflammation is linked to intratumoral immunosuppression and cancer progression. Systemic inflammation is associated with reduced survival in various malignancies due to mucosal injury and DNA damage (5, 6). Numerous studies have shown that systemic inflammation predicts tumor recurrence and survival in various cancers, including gastrointestinal cancer. Parameters such as the preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) (7), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) (8), Prognostic Index (PI) (9), Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI) (10), Glasgow Prognostic Score (GPS) (11), and Modified Glasgow Prognostic Score (mGPS) (12) have been identified. CRP and lymphocyte levels are reliable indicators of post-operative infections and immune status. Lymphocytes have high specificity but low sensitivity, while CRP has low specificity but high sensitivity (13). Thus, lymphocyte-to-CRP ratio (LCR) may better reflect inflammatory status (14). Recent studies have highlighted LCR’s potential in gastrointestinal cancer (15–37). However, LCR’s role is not fully understood, and most meta-analyses have focused on specific cancers. This study conducts a comprehensive meta-analysis across gastrointestinal cancers to explore the correlation between LCR and prognosis.

Currently, a growing body of evidence underscores the correlation between low lymphocyte-to-C-reactive protein ratio (LCR) and unfavorable survival outcomes among patients with gastrointestinal cancer. This meta-analysis, incorporating data from 21 studies encompassing 9,131 individuals with gastrointestinal cancer, aims to comprehensively evaluate the prognostic implications of LCR. The findings consistently demonstrate a significant association between diminished LCR levels and reduced overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and recurrence-free survival (RFS) in patients with gastrointestinal cancers. Moreover, mounting research emphasizes the impact of systemic inflammation and nutritional status on the long-term prognosis of malignancies, including gastrointestinal cancers (39, 40). Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, recognized for their pivotal role in anti-tumor immunity, possess both prognostic and predictive value (41). C-reactive protein (CRP), capable of binding to diverse ligands on damaged cell membranes, strongly activates the classical complement pathway, potentially exacerbating tissue damage and contributing to more severe diseases (42). Elevated CRP levels within the inflammatory and tumor microenvironment promote various cancers (43). Furthermore, serum CRP levels correlate with tumor size, clinicopathological characteristics, and lymph node metastasis (44). Consequently, CRP stands as a crucial biomarker for tumor prognosis and treatment responses (43).

The current meta-analysis reveals that a diminished level of LCR is indicative of a poorer prognosis among patients with gastrointestinal cancer. This aligns with the evidence presented in the encompassed literature, highlighting substantial heterogeneity in OS and RFS. Subgroup analysis identifies cancer type, timing, LCR threshold and treatment method as sources of heterogeneity. Sensitivity analysis reinforces the stability of the meta-analysis, affirming the association between LCR and OS/RFS.

In recent investigations, numerous studies have underscored the superior accuracy of the LCR over other inflammation-related markers in predicting the prognosis of patients afflicted with gastrointestinal cancers. In a comprehensive meta-analysis and systematic review encompassing 2838 patients diagnosed with upper gastrointestinal cancer, Ye et al. elucidated that a diminished the LCR correlates with an unfavorable prognosis in upper gastrointestinal cancer cases (45). Despite these findings, the precise mechanisms underpinning the interplay between the LCR and gastrointestinal cancer prognosis remain elusive. A plausible explanation posited by researchers suggests a potential linkage between the LCR and the immune response among patients with gastrointestinal cancer (46). Lymphocytes consistently feature within the peritumoral inflammatory cell infiltrate, and their presence appears intricately tied to cancer cell activity, hinting at a relationship with tumor growth (47). Furthermore, the association between LCR and preoperative nutritional status, as well as surgical complications, merits attention. Okugawa observed a robust correlation between the LCR and preoperative nutritional status (23). In a study involving 607 patients with gastric cancer, Cheng et al. uncovered a statistically significant disparity in postoperative complications, with an incidence of 20.4% in the low LCR group versus 12.1% in the high LCR group (P = 0.006) (34). These findings underscore a noteworthy correlation between the LCR and postoperative surgical complications. Moreover, Okugawa et al. reported significantly elevated incidences of postoperative infectious complications, surgical site infections, and distant infections in the low LCR group compared to the high LCR group among 477 colorectal cancer patients (postoperative infectious complications: p = 0.0007, surgical site infections: p = 0.01, and distant infections: p = 0.021) (23). A low LCR emerges as an independent risk factor for postoperative complications in colorectal cancer, affirming the substantial association between LCR and postoperative surgical complications. In addition, Yasui et al. (48) found that the LCR and CAR inflammatory markers could accurately predict OS and recurrence‐free survival in patients with stage III CRC, which may identify predictive markers for treatment response and guide personalized therapeutic strategies in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. In conclusion, LCR stands out as the preeminent prognostic indicator among various inflammatory markers, as it is adept at identifying high-risk surgical patients and offering valuable guidance for treatment decisions.

We acknowledge several limitations in the current study. Primarily, the inclusion of mostly retrospective cohort studies introduces potential selection bias. To validate our findings, a prospective, multicenter randomized controlled trial is imperative. Additionally, the exclusively Asian population in our study raises concerns about generalizability; hence, further investigations encompassing diverse regions are warranted to authenticate and extend our discoveries. Moreover, the assessment of heterogeneity using P<0.1 and/or I ²>50% alone may have certain limitations, this is also an unavoidable problem of meta-analysis; therefore, further studies are needed to confirm the findings of this article. Admittedly, The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to assess study quality, which is a widely accepted tool. However, the interpretation of NOS scores (seven to nine points indicating high quality) may be subjective. Future studies could provide a more detailed rationale for quality assessment criteria and scoring. Despite these limitations, our study boasts the largest sample size, encompassing all gastrointestinal cancers comprehensively. Our findings affirm that low lymphocyte-to-C-reactive protein ratio (LCR) holds prognostic value, advocating for the development of enhanced prognostic models based on LCR in clinical practice. Although high heterogeneity in overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) may diminish confidence in our results, additional studies are indispensable to validate our inferences. Furthermore, since existing studies are predominantly retrospective, our study lays a foundation for guiding the design of future large prospective cohort studies. Overall, while the study provides valuable insights into the association between LCR and prognosis in gastrointestinal cancer patients, addressing the highlighted limitations could enhance the validity and generalizability of the findings. Future research could focus on addressing the identified limitations, including incorporating non-English studies, conducting comprehensive assessments of publication bias, exploring alternative approaches for assessing heterogeneity, refining quality assessment criteria, and conducting more extensive sensitivity analyses. Lastly, efforts should be made to translate research findings into clinical practice by conducting prospective validation studies and integrating LCR assessment into routine clinical care pathways. Collaborative efforts between researchers, clinicians, and policymakers are essential to facilitate the translation of biomarker discoveries into clinical utility. Future research could further advance our understanding of the prognostic significance of LCR in gastrointestinal cancer and its potential clinical implications.

The findings of our investigation indicate that preoperative levels of lymphocyte-to-C-reactive protein ratio (LCR) serve as a valuable adjunctive prognostic marker for gastrointestinal cancer outcomes. Diminished LCR correlates with unfavorable survival rates, enabling identification of high-risk patients in clinical settings. However, heterogeneity exists among the included studies, necessitating further research for result validation.