This study did not require ethics approval as it solely relied on data from publicly available publications. Since our study is a scoping review, it was reported according to the PRISMA guidelines, see Table S1 . The Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC) database was used to search for relevant studies in HT. The search strategy used to identify these studies was “Title (TI)=(tomotherapy)”, and the search was restricted to English language. The search covered a time period ranging from 1900 when the database was established to May 27, 2023. WOSCC provides a total citation count for each articles searched and a ranking of citation counts from high to low. The reasons for choosing the WOSCC database to obtain the top 100 most cited articles have been explained in previous study (15). That is, there are several literature databases, such as WOSCC, Google Scholar, and Scopus, which provide citation count data queries. Journals and articles covered by different databases are different. Thus, the number of citations to the same article in different databases is different. Google Scholar is a freely accessible web search engine that uses a web crawler, or web robot, to identify files for inclusion in the search results, resulting in inconsistent accuracy in the results it provides. In terms of quality and quantity, such as coverage, citations, search and special features, etc., the Scopus and the WOSCC database are equally competitive, with each having its own advantages. However, due to WOSCC’s longer establishment history and being the only literature database before the establishment of Scopus, WOSCC is still more popular worldwide at this stage (16).

Due to the fact that studies published earlier tend to accumulate more citations, the researchers adjusted for the year and month of publication by calculating a citations per year (CPY) index. This index was obtained by dividing the total citations by the number of years of publication up until May 2023 for each article. The top 100 most cited articles were normalized to CPY. From the top 100 most cited articles, the following information was extracted: journals, years and months, countries, authors, types of tumor treated, and topics. The classification of types of tumor and topics was conducted by two independent authors. In cases where discrepancies arose, a third author was consulted to resolve them. If clinical cases were involved in an article, it would be classified into the relevant type of tumor, such as head and neck cancer, breast cancer, etc. If there was dosimetric comparison in an article, it would be classified as a dosimetric comparison. Quality assurance and MVCT are similar. If several types of tumor or topics were covered in one study, count for each one. Through the discussions, we can delve into the trends, patterns, and advancements related to these specific aspects. This will enable us to comprehend the significance, impact, and scope of research in the field of HT, thereby gaining a comprehensive understanding of the research hotspots and trends in HT. Additionally, through these discussions, we can identify potential knowledge gaps, determine areas for further research, and potentially contribute to the field.

The top 100 most cited articles may not cover current research, as citations require time. In order to comprehensively analyze HT related research that includes current research, the VOSviewer software was introduced for network visualization, including journals, countries, authors, and maps, to encompass all articles related to HT.

This study identifies the journals, countries, and authors that have made outstanding contributions in the field of HT. Overall, Medical Physics have made significant contributions in the early years of HT applications, including the concept of HT, equipment development and validation, feasibility studies for CCLT, and QA, as their average publication year is significantly earlier. Compared to the frequency of journals in the top 100 most cited articles, it is clear that “Medical Physics” has an advantage in terms of overall quantity, demonstrating its influence in the field. This also highlights that HT is an advanced technology that requires a significant amount of QA program as its foundation. International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics and Radiotherapy and Oncology, as top journals in the field of radiation therapy, have made impressive contributions in publishing HT research.

Regardless of the total articles or the top 100 most cited articles, the United States is the most influential country and has made more and earlier researches in this field. Canada, Italy, and Germany also have a considerable total number of articles, as well as the top 100 most cited articles. There was close cooperation between countries, especially, the United States has the highest value of centrality, which may be related to the fact that the United States is the birthplace of HT, and the higher available of the HT.

Each of the top 8 authors (Fiorino C, Calandrino R, Di Muzio N, Broggi S, Papanikolaou N, Olivera G, Chen Q and Chen Y) in this field has made significant contributions to the literature, with each author having published a minimum of 40 articles. Among the “prolific authors”, it is worth noting that Fiorino C, Calandrino R, Di Muzio N and Broggi S work in the same clinic that firstly commissioned an HT machine in Italy. Their extensive work demonstrates their dedication and expertise in the field. Their contributions have not only enriched the academic literature but have also had an impact on the field as a whole.

Head and neck cancer have attracted significant attention from oncologists and medical physicists due to their complex anatomical structure. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) stands as a prominent representative within this category. Among the top 100 most cited articles in HT, 15 publications specifically addressed patients with head and neck tumors, with 4 of them focused exclusively on NPC (9, 17–19). Widesott et al. conducted a comparison between two irradiation techniques, intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) and HT in treating nasopharynx cancer using a simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) approach (17). The results showed that both IMPT and HT demonstrated excellent target coverage, homogeneity within the PTVs, and spared the organs at risk effectively. A study conducted by Lu et al. aimed to compare the effectiveness of three different radiation therapy techniques, namely volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT), HT, and IMRT, for treating NPC patients (18). The researchers found that VMAT treatment provides better sparing of OARs, improved homogeneity and conformity compared to IMRT. Furthermore, it was observed that VMAT treatment provided shorter delivery times compared to HT. Current research can focus on shortening delivery time to better manage time and improve the efficiency of medical institutions. Studies from Fiorino et al. demonstrated that HT improved the homogeneity of dose distribution within the PTV and increased the coverage of PTV_54Gy and PTV_64.5Gy compared to IMRT (9). Furthermore, the study also found significant improvements in sparing most OARs with HT compared to IMRT. The research conducted by Lee et al. has also yielded similar findings, which suggest that HT may be a more effective treatment option for NPC (19).

Cranial spinal irradiation is mainly indicated for patients diagnosed with CNS tumors, such as medulloblastoma (20, 21), germinoma (22), etc., which is a typical case with complex and large targets and is one of the typical indications for HT. In comparison to other techniques, HT provides superior target coverage, ensuring that the radiation is delivered uniformly and consistently throughout the affected area. This precision is critical for ensuring effective treatment outcomes and minimizing the risks of under or over-treatment. One notable aspect of HT is its ability to spare critical organs at risk (OARs), such as the thyroid, parotids, cochlea, eyes, heart, and esophagus (8, 23). By precisely shaping and directing the radiation beams, HT minimizes the radiation dose absorbed to OARs, reducing the potential for collateral damage and associated toxicities. This organ-sparing feature greatly contributes to the safety and efficacy of HT for cranio-spinal axis treatment.

However, it is worth noting that one drawback of HT is the longer beam-on-time (BOT) compared to other techniques. This is primarily due to the complexity of the rotational IMRT delivery and the need for multiple treatment beams. Study from Turcas et al. have reported that the BOT for HT was significantly longer than that of other techniques, with a median BOT of 11 minutes for HT, 5.49 minutes for VMAT, and 1.46 minutes for three dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT) (13). While this extended treatment time may be a consideration, the superior clinical outcomes and reduced toxicities associated with HT for cranio-spinal axis treatment suggest that the benefits outweigh this potential drawback (20–22).

In 2005, Hui et al. conducted experiments by varying the pitch, field width, and modulation factor, verifying the feasibility of total body irradiation (TBI) and total marrow irradiation (TMI) using HT (24). They achieved a uniform dose distribution while maintaining treatment times comparable to conventional TBI (15-30 minutes). To evaluate the accuracy of dose delivery, thermoluminescent detectors (TLDs) were placed inside a Rando phantom at seven anatomical sites, including the lungs. The results of their simulated TBI treatment demonstrated a homogeneous dose coverage ( ± 10%) across the entire body, with significant reduction (35%-70%) in doses to sensitive organs compared to the target dose. In the TMI study, the dose was conformed specifically to the bone marrow. It established the feasibility of TBI or TMI using HT and provided important planning parameters and reference for dose constraints for OARs. Peñagarícano et al. validated the feasibility of TBI using HT for the treatment of four patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), verified the accuracy of the delivered dose and analyzed any toxicity or side effect through an evaluation on the treatment planning process, delivery of the treatment (25). To verify the accuracy of the delivered dose, the authors reconstructed the dose by contouring specific areas of interest on the daily pretreatment MVCT scans for each fraction. A deformable registration model was used to sum up the doses from all individual fractions. By comparing the planned doses with the delivered doses, they found that there were small differences, with the average of 2.7%. This indicated that the treatment planning process and delivery of the treatment with HT were precise and accurate. In terms of toxicity, the TBI treatment was generally well-tolerated, with only mild side effects observed. Outcomes for the patients suggested that the HT-supported TBI treatment was effective in controlling the disease, although further research was needed to fully understand its impact on patient survival and disease progression. These findings supported the potential of HT as a viable treatment option for TBI in patients with AML. Gruen et al.’s study enrolled a total of 10 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia or AML who received TBI with HT (12). The results showed improved dose distribution and homogeneity, as well as selective dose reduction to organs at risk. No grade 3 or 4 side effects was observed.

Sterzing et al. evaluated the potential of HT in the adjuvant treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma and compare target homogeneity, conformity and normal tissue dose with step-and-shoot IMRT (10). Both HT and step-and-shoot IMRT achieved excellent dose distributions while minimizing damage to organs at risk. However, HT demonstrated significant improvements in target coverage and homogeneity compared to step-and-shoot IMRT. Additionally, it was found that the mean dose to the contralateral lung could be reduced by more than 5 Gy, indicating better normal tissue sparing.

Rochet et al. demonstrated that HT for delivering whole abdominal irradiation (WAI) in patients with advanced ovarian cancer. It provided excellent coverage of the PTV while effectively sparing the liver, kidneys, and bone marrow from excessive radiation exposure (11).

Schubert et al.’s study demonstrated that HT resulted in lowest heart and ipsilateral lung max doses, but had higher mean doses compared to 3D-CRT and IMRT (26). Moon et al. compared the dosimetry of four different external beam accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) plans: 3D-CRT, IMRT, HT, and proton beam therapy (27). All four APBI techniques showed acceptable coverage of the PTV. However, effective non-PTV breast sparing was achieved at the cost of considerable dose exposure to the lung and heart in HT. This was consistent with the research results of Caudrelier et al. (28).

Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignant diseases in men. Based on CT datasets of nine prostate cancer patients, Wolff et al. evaluated the plan quality and delivery efficiency of several treatment techniques, such as 3D-CRT, IMRT, VMAT, and HT (29). This article, ranked 2nd in terms of total citations with a total of 279, and ranked 1st in terms of CPY with a score of 22.3, had important value in the dosimetry comparative study of prostate cancer. This study suggests that all other approaches yield treatment plans of improved quality when compared to 3D-CRT, with HT providing best OAR sparing and VMAT being the most efficient treatment option. This conclusion was supported by other highly cited articles (30–32).

Lung cancer is a major source of patients for treatment with HT, and due to the characteristics of HT treatment, the interplay effect is one of the factors that must be considered (33–35). Although several studies have shown that the dose uniformity perturbation was not significant at the typical breathing frequency and amplitude in HT delivery (36, 37). But radiation oncologists and medical physics should always pay attention to this effect.

Compared to C-arm accelerators, considering the unique design of HT, it is crucial to develop a set of QA recommendations specifically tailored to HT. Among the top 100 most cited articles in the field of HT, 12 of them specifically focus on QA, see Table 4 . One particularly notable article, ranked 7th in terms of total citations with a total of 167, and ranked 5th in terms of CPY with a score of 14.3, is the task group 148 report for the QA of HT (38). This article extensively discussed various QA techniques, recommended frequencies for QA assessments, and tolerances. It provided practicing clinical medical physicists with valuable insights into the technology and knowledge required to establish an independent and comprehensive QA program specifically for HT. The modified MapCHECK with less than ± 2% sensitivity change with incident angle can meet the validation of the treatment plan for HT. The gamma pass rates of 3mm/3% and 2mm/2% of HT treatment plans for ten patients, including prostate cancer, head and neck cancer, esophageal cancer, cervical cancer, etc., were 97.6% to 100% and 91.8% to 98.2%, respectively (39).

MVCT is a major feature of HT, which offer verification of the patient position prior to and potentially during radiation therapy. Although MVCT images do not have the same performance characteristics as advanced diagnostic CT scanners when one objectively examines noise and low-contrast resolution, these images are useful not only for verifying the patient’s position at the time of therapy, but they are also sufficient for delineating many anatomic structures (4, 40–43). The combination of MVCT image sets and a measured database of detector signal provides a fast dose reconstruction for online delivery verification. The performance evaluation of this approach was divided into two steps. The first step was to verify the energy fluence. Energy fluence verification was performed using the pulse-by-pulse approach for the measured and database dose matrices. The second step was to conduct dose verification. Doses were compared between the dose calculated using previously verified energy fluence with the dose reconstructed using database-based approach. Simulating prostate delivery on an inhomogeneous abdominal phantom and nasopharyngeal delivery on a dog cadaver revealed that this approach creates an opportunity for real-time delivery verification and dose reconstruction (44).

This bibliometric analysis has identified and listed the top 100 most cited articles in HT. These articles stand out for their outstanding contributions to the concept of HT, equipment development and validation, feasibility studies for CCLT, and QA. Whilst this article looks only at a few features of the included articles, it is a neat overview of the research and most cited publications in HT. For physicists and physicians involved in HT, particularly those who are relatively new to the field with less than 5 years of experience, these articles can prove to be invaluable resources. They provide comprehensive insights, treatment plan parameters, dose constraints to OARs, and confidence in dose delivery that can enhance their understanding and skills in HT. By exploring these articles, these professionals can gain in-depth knowledge about the latest advancements, effective treatment techniques, and best practices for optimizing patient outcomes.

This study has some limitations that need to be considered. First, using simple search text and a single publication database may miss potential studies that have reported on the topic of HT. Therefore, there is a chance that valuable insights and findings from these studies might have been excluded from the analysis. Moreover, the objective evaluation of the number of citations as a measure of the impact and quality of the studies may also be compromised in a few ways. Journal self-citations and author self-citations could inflate the number of citations for certain articles. This could lead to an overestimation of the importance or influence of these studies in the research community. Furthermore, it is worth noting that relying solely on citation counts may result in some articles with low citation counts and citation per year (CPY) to be overlooked in this study. These articles may still contain valuable insights or unique research contributions but have not received significant attention or recognition in the academic community.