The thyroid gland is one such endocrine organ that plays a vital role in human metabolism. As the largest gland located in front of the neck, it produces certain hormones in regulating physiological activities, but sometimes it will fail in function and become malignant (1). Thyroid cancer is a type of cancer that originates from the thyroid gland. The cells begin proliferating abnormally and inhibit the survival and work of normal cells, causing compression of the neck structures and various symptoms. Thyroid cancers are amongst the most prevalent medical conditions. Globally, 3.2 million people were affected by thyroid cancer, leading to 31,900 deaths in 2015 (2, 3). Due to the progressed understanding of thyroid and better detection methods, its global impact increases each year, causing billions of dollars burden (4–6). In 2020, thyroid cancer has ranked in ninth place for incidence and has been responsible for 586,000 cases worldwide, leading to a considerable global public health issue (7).

Thyroid cancers can be classified into four main types according to their histopathological characteristics: papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), follicular thyroid cancer (FTC), medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), and anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC). Among them, ATC is a rare but fatal form of thyroid cancer, reaching to only 1–2% of cases but a 5-month median survival and a 20% 1-year survival rate (8, 9). It is remarkable that 40–50% of total thyroid cancer-related deaths come from ATC in the United States (8, 10). Unlike well-differentiated thyroid cancers, ATC is marked by high degree of cellular proliferation, poor differentiation, atypical mitosis, aggressive behavior, and high risk for subsequent distant metastasis (11, 12). Thus, diagnosis of ATC is often suspected in patients with large and rapidly growing neck masses, symptoms of invasion to surrounding tissues, and distant metastases to lungs, bones, and brains (13–15). However, ATC possesses poor differentiation and various histopathological spectrums, and lacks typical morphologic characteristics and specific biomarkers, which challenges the diagnosis of ATC. It has been proved that ATC possesses significant mutation accumulation and widespread genomic disruptions (i.e., TP53, BRAF, TERT promoter, and PI3K/AKT pathway, etc.), suggesting the extreme difficulty in chemotherapy and targeted therapies (10, 16–18). Meanwhile, ATC is intractable to be cured neither by surgery nor radiotherapy because of its propensity for adjacent invasion and distant metastasis (10, 16). Despite the progress in studying histopathological and genomic spectrum of ATC, it remains resistant to standard therapies and comes out the poor prognosis.

Owing to the high mortality rate and corresponding social pressure, more profound understanding of the development of ATC’s scientific landscapes is necessary. It contributes to researchers’ investigation and macroscopic grasp of the etiology and clinical treatment. Therefore, we aimed to conduct a bibliometric network analysis, which could provide an objective measurement in scientific literature and aggregate the opinions of multiple scholars in the field of ATC. Through a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the related literature, it is likely for researchers to possess insight on ATC about its developmental skeleton, current landscape, and possible future directions (19–21).

A database was built to retrieve related literature on the topic of ATC for bibliometric studies via the Science Citation Index (SCI) database and the Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) database from the Web of Science (WoS). For a better retrieval accuracy, topic entry items were obtained from a standardized Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) list in the National Library of Medicine. The searching strategy was designed as follows: (Topic = (‘Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic’) OR (‘Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma’) OR (‘Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinomas’) OR (‘Carcinoma, Anaplastic Thyroid’) OR (‘Carcinomas, Anaplastic Thyroid’) OR (‘Thyroid Carcinomas, Anaplastic’) OR (‘Thyroid Cancer, Anaplastic’) OR (‘Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer’) OR (‘Anaplastic Thyroid Cancers’) OR (‘Cancer, Anaplastic Thyroid’) OR (‘Cancers, Anaplastic Thyroid’) OR (‘Thyroid Cancers, Anaplastic’)). This search strategy retrieved 2,141 records initially within English literature up to February 5, 2021. Subsequently, to minimize bias in our analysis as much as possible, “original article” was set as the inclusion criteria. The raw records were downloaded and filtered by two independent investigators from different affiliations to reject irrelevant studies. Finally, the four records published in 2021 were excluded, and 1,492 literatures were obtained for in-depth analysis ( Figure 1 ).

Bibliometric tools VOSViewer 1.6.16 (22, 23) and CiteSpace 5.7 (24–26) were chosen to make statistical analysis and convert the raw data into visualization. The number of annual publications in each category and the pattern of contribution and collaboration among countries or districts were visualized. Reference co-citation analysis was performed to outline the development skeleton. Clustered terms extracted from the title and abstract were adopted for depicting research landscapes. Detected burst keywords were utilized for forecasting the possible hotspots and research frontiers in the future.

Although rare, ATC is one of the most aggressive and lethal human tumors. ATC studies make great sense for patients to reduce mortality and their financial burden. As far as we know, this study was the first systematic bibliometric assessment of the scientific publications about ATC from 1997 to 2020. Previous thyroid-related bibliometric studies paid attention to hypothyroidism in pregnancy, Bisphenol A and thyroid hormones, or picked one-hundred most-cited articles focused on thyroid research (39–41). We aimed to obtain an overview from two perspectives to outline the ATC research field. One is the general characteristics, including publication numbers, contributed countries, core journals, etc. Another is the substance contents, including developmental skeletons, research frontiers, etc.

The number of annual publications in the field of ATC has kept a fluctuant growth during the past twenty years. Flourishing in publications and researches will promote the development of the ATC field. It is noteworthy that the annual number of publications on the Cell Biology or Biochemistry Molecular Biology categories was increasing, which suggested a deeper understanding of the ATC’s pathogenesis ( Figure 2 ). The analysis of leading countries and institutions came to a result that the United States, China, Italy, Japan, and South Korea were listed as the top five contributed countries ( Table 1 and Figure 3 ). This global distribution of ATC publications corresponded to the prevalence of thyroid cancers and the level of development in different countries (42). From the perspective of international cooperation, the United States cooperated with China and Italy frequently while Japan and South Korea had little cooperation with other countries ( Figure 4 ). It is suggested that global cooperation be further strengthened. As one of the largest cancer centers in the world, MD Anderson Cancer Center has been keeping active academic research. Other influential institutes included Mayo Clinic in Rochester, University of Naples Federico II in Naples, and the University of Pisa in Pisa ( Figure 5 ).

In the early stage of co-citation analysis, active citations on FTC tumors, collagen types, and CD97 protein were identified ( Figure 6 ). As a subcategory of thyroid cancer, ATC was frequently explored and compared with FTC and other thyroid cancers in the aspect of prevalence, pathogenesis, and diagnosis (43–45). Meanwhile, the unique characteristics of ATC were gradually being explored. For instance, its aggressive characteristics have been suspected to be closely related to the alternation of tumor stroma, such as collagen. Its non-differentiation was likely to perform abundant expression of dedifferentiation markers, such as CD97 (46–49). Later citations noted the high polysomy phenomenon, BRAF mutation, and TERT promoter mutation in ATC patients. These profound insights into the genetics of ATC have emerged due to the breakthrough of biotechnology and nucleic acid sequencing technologies. It was reported that BRAF ^V600E mutation was commonly associated with ATCs. Specifically, about 40% of ATCs patients have been detected with BRAF ^V600E mutations (17, 18). As a common alteration in ATC, its positive detection is conductive to the diagnosis of ATC patient, even though BRAF ^V600E mutation can be found in other tumor types (11, 13, 35, 50). Moreover, because ATC are such rare disease that patients are unlikely to purchase targeted drugs only for ATC, BRAF-targeted drugs approved for other common diseases imply an important clinical value in ATC treatment (11, 13, 35, 50).Recent citations noted anaplastic foci and blood BRAF. Compared to traditional traumatic diagnostic methods to recognize anaplastic foci, circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in peripheral blood has become a potential candidate as biomarker in early tumor detection for its convenience and non-invasion (51, 52). It has been clinically found to possess high concordance rates in gene mutation identification between cfDNA analysis and tumor tissue sequencing (53). On the other hand, the citation of the articles related to chemotherapy and radiotherapy illuminated researchers were making great efforts in ATC’s therapy (54). However, ATC did not respond well to these standard therapies and the survival rate did not improve significantly (55). The advancement in the 21st century has brought a new class of chemotherapy, namely targeted therapy, which works against particular molecules that contribute to cells out of control. As mentioned above, several targeted drugs against BRAF (i.e., vemurafenib, etc.) have been developed and under clinical trials in various tumor types. Monotherapy with a BRAF inhibitor may result in initial clinical benefits, but this is for a short duration as acquired resistance is common after several-month treatment and leads to a significant relapse in almost all cases, including ATC (35, 56–58). It reminds us that ATC is more than simple BRAF mutant. If promising, consideration into the exploration of its resistance mechanisms should be taken as to develop dual inhibition targeted drugs. Moreover, looking for other mutant genes and abnormal pathways for appropriate targeted monotherapy or combination therapy will also be the point of the future work.

Discovered by the terms analysis system of VOSviewer, a landscape of several research topics was presented ( Figure 7 ). In experimental medicine, topics on the mechanism of the growth, migration, apoptosis, inhibition, and death of cancer cells were noted. For the work on revealing the ATC mechanism, there are obstacles to overcome but some real achievements that have been made. It has indicated that some mutation events (i.e., BRAF, mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, etc.) initiate thyroid cancer development and predispose to tumor dedifferentiation while several key nodes (i.e., TERT, TP53, PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway, etc.) altered promote tumor progression and contribute to tumor aggressivity. The persistence of BRAF mutations throughout thyroid cancer development and the acquisition of additional mutations in ATC indicate a stepwise accumulation of mutations, which holds out the hypothesis of tumor progression from preexisting well-differentiated thyroid cancer to ATC (1, 11, 59). Besides, the bioinformatic analysis found that genes related to the cell cycle (i.e., CDKN2A, CDKN2B, CCNE1, etc.) were mutated or abnormally expressed in ATC, which might provide another thought in advanced thyroid cancers (17, 60). Except for encoding genes, non-coding genes have emerged as critical regulators in ATC, but its alteration of expression profile and dysfunction need to be further confirmed yet (61–63). In clinical research, diagnosis, therapeutics (i.e., chemotherapy, surgery, radiotherapy, etc.), and prognosis (i.e., survival, range, distant metastases, month, etc.) were the major topics. Great efforts have been made in these subfields, but there is little progress in the early-stage diagnosis and effective treatment of ATC yet, leading to extremely poor prognosis with 5-month median survival (11, 16). When possible, surgery is generally the critical step in treatment of anaplastic thyroid cancer. Patients with ATC cells only inside the thyroid gland (stage IVA) or outside the thyroid capsule involving locoregional lymph nodes (stage IVB) but without distant metastasis (stage IVC), if R0/R1 resection can be achieved, surgery should be considered for its survival benefits and prevention of future complication. Additionally, surgical resection combined with postoperative radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy would conduce to kill the residual tumor confer a longer survival (11). However, the fact that most of the patients present at diagnosis are in a state of extensive extrathyroidal tumor diffusion, which make complete resection unlikely. At this time, radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy represent the standard treatment of choice (16, 29). Therapies taken into account do not involve radioactive iodine (RAI) for its invalidation in ATC, because ATC cells are so dedifferentiated to lack the ability of iodine uptake from the blood (64). Whether traditional therapy improves patient outcome is still unclear (65). ATC patients might obtain little benefit from traditional therapy but bear more negative effects. Mutation-guided targeted therapeutic strategies might be a candidate opportunity for ATC patients, especially in advanced or initially unresectable ATC. Through the interference against central mutant molecular system involved in the development of cancer, it blocks tumor cells with precision and efficiency, which might work when traditional therapy does not work or might work in concert with traditional therapy to enhance its efficacy. Mutation-guided targeted therapies are currently the focus of anticancer drug development (11, 50, 65, 66).

Unlike terms, keywords are supplied by authors, generalizing the theme and features of the article. Burst keywords reveal the research hotspots and their transformation from clinicopathology to genetics and advanced therapies. Particularly, burst keywords that continue to the present indicate the potential trends and possible frontiers in the field of ATC ( Figure 8 ). The latest burst keywords include “TERT promoter mutation”, “migration”, “invasion”, “vemurafenib”, “lenvatinib”, and “immunotherapy”. Initially, some classical oncogenes, such as TP53 that often occurred in other malignant tumors, were observed with dysfunction in ATC patients (67). Besides, some critical points in oncology, including the cell cycle regulation and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs, the receptors for a wide array of growth factors like EGFR, VEGF, RET, etc.), were detected to be in a state of disorder (17, 60, 68–70). The early studies relied on a set of well-known cancer-associated genes (i.e., BRAF, TP53, RAS, etc.) and a general consensus on the characteristics of cancer cells, but whether these alterations are dominant in ATC or as subsequent phenomenon needs to be further confirmed. What’s more, these targeted gene detections and feature observations are likely to omit quite a few unknown critical genes and phenotypes (71). Later, with less costly and more efficient large-scale sequencing technology, more comprehension has been made in the characteristics of ATC. Besides BRAF^V600E , which has been thoroughly discussed above, the discovery of the TERT promoter mutation in thyroid cancer was an important event, and much progress has occurred since then (30). Consistent with our previous results ( Figure 6 ), studies of TERT gene are in an active stage. Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is a subunit component of telomerase with reverse transcriptase activity and participates in maintaining telomere ends and chromosomal stability, which is a critical member in tumor suppressive mechanism. Therefore, the abnormal activation of TERT might contribute to neoplastic progression (72). It was reported that ATC patients possessed a higher TERT promoter mutation burden with 73% prevalence (18, 73). TERT promoter mutations represent a prominent new oncogene in ATC and this advance in the comprehension of ATC pathogenesis pattern has facilitated a promising new development in diagnosis and treatments. In the era of individualized and precision medicine, molecular targeted therapy and immunotherapy develop quickly (74). Recently a number of recent advances in targeted therapies hold out if not the hope of a cure, then at least the possibility of partial responses to postpone ATC progress (65). Several novel agents have been evaluated in ongoing clinical trials among ATC patients, which are roughly divided into two categories—targeting genetic aberrations and targeting the tumor microenvironment (75). Taking the BRAF targeted therapy mentioned above as an example, although it has been reported the tendency to drug resistance of vemurafenib in ATC, BRAF inhibitors have been still placed great expectations to be leveraged into ATC as a targeting genetic aberrations drug. Recent studies have attempted into the abnormal downstream pathways centered on BRAF, especially the most downstream pathway component, to overcome upstream resistance (71). Novel BRAF inhibitors (i.e., dabrafenib, etc.) in combination with downstream pathways (i.e., MEK inhibitor trametinib, etc.) showed a significant response rate (RR) in ATC patients with the BRAF ^V600E mutation. This combination is now approved by the FDA (50). TERT promoter mutation represents an attractive target in ATC but telomerase inhibitors have not demonstrated their clinical efficacy yet (76). It is recommended to consider an appropriate personalized targeted therapy according to mutants present, if possible. Furthermore, several mechanisms that favor tumor growth and dissemination (e.g., angiogenesis, invasiveness, and metastasis) are promising alternatives against biological behavior and microenvironment of tumor and sever an adjuvant therapy to delay ATC progression. The interest has been rosed in a series of tyrosine kinase inhibitors which target against VEGFR, EGFR, FGFR, RET and so on. Nevertheless, only one multikinase inhibitor, lenvatinib, shows potentiality in clinical application yet (11, 68). In addition, several strategies of immunotherapy are attempting as novel types of ATC treatment (77). It has shown that ICAM-1 CAR T cells mediated ATC tumor killing were of validation in vitro and in animal models (78). The induction of immune checkpoint inhibitors, including anti-programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1), have shown promising results in mice with systemic ATC (79). However, their potential efficacy still lacks sufficient experimental and clinical data, which needs to undergo more research verification. Studies on targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and systematic combination therapy might indicate the frontier of the ATC field.

To outline the landscapes of ATC research, we constructed several scientific visualized maps. Growth trends, leading countries and their collaborations, core journals, co-citation analysis, term clustering, and burst keywords were explored to give a comprehensive bibliometric overview. Since ATC is a type of malignancy with a horrible lethal rate, researchers have made numerous efforts to figure out its reprogramming of gene expression and key mechanism in driving its dedifferentiation, invasion, and migration process. Genetic testing is becoming widespread and accessible in clinical diagnosis of ATC, and its outcome could point out possible drug targets. Many therapeutic modes were visualized in the timeline, some of which are gradually being replaced by more advanced and precise treatments. Studies on targeted therapy against genetic aberrations or tumor microenvironment, immunotherapy and systematic combination may lead the future academic directions, which deserve more resource investments and financial supports.

Publicly available datasets were analyzed in this study. This data can be found here: http://apps.webofknowledge.com.

This work was conceived by HS. Data was collected and downloaded by YY. HW and KW helped to check and verify data as two independent investigators. The visualization work was performed by KW. The manuscript was written by HW and YY. HS helped to revise manuscript and proposed constructive opinions. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.