Osteosarcoma cell lines (SaOS2, MG63, and HOS) were obtained from NCCS, India. Prof. Suvro Chatterjee, Anna University, Chennai, India, kindly offered the human endothelial cell line, EA.hy926 cells. Cells were cultured in a standard condition of DMEM containing 10% FBS at 37°C and 5% CO₂. For transient transfection, MG63/SAOS2 cells (5 × 10⁴) were plated on 18 mm coverslips and cultured to reach ~70% confluence. Transient transfection of miRNAs and siRNAs was carried out as previously described (10). Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA) provided lncRNA MALAT1-specific silencer siRNA (Si-MALAT1) and nonsilencer siRNA (scrambled siRNA/Si-control): si-MALAT1, 5′-GCAGAGGCATTTCATCCTT-3′ and si-control, 5′-TTCTCCGAACGTGTCACGT-3′, The transfection reagent (X-treme Gene Transfection Reagent, Roche, Basel, Switzerland) was combined with Si-MALAT1 (20 nM) or Si-control (20 nM), and the transfection was carried out as directed by the manufacturer’s instructions. Similarly, miR-150-5p mimic (50 nM) or control miRNA (50 nM) (Applied Biosystems, Waltham, MA, USA) were mixed with transfection reagent and transfection was carried out. The cells were transfected and then cultured up to 24 h to reach 100% confluence.

EA.hy926 cells were plated at a density of 3 × 10⁴ cm² in 24-well plates, and cell proliferation was measured using the MTT assay (11). Briefly, after 24 h of miRNA/SiRNA transfection, a conditioned medium was obtained from SaOS2/MG63 cells. The prepared conditioned media were used to culture EA.hy926 cells, and endothelial cell proliferation and morphology were analyzed. After treatment, the fluorescein diacetate (FDA) solution, 30 g/ml was exposed with EA.hy926 cells and morphology was analyzed under fluorescent microscope. For the wound scratch assay, EA.hy926 cells (1 × 10⁶ cells/ml) were cultured in a 24-well culture plate for 24 h to reach confluence. To create a wound, the monolayer was scratched with a 20-µl tip, and the cells were treated with conditioned media. Bright field images were captured under an inverted microscope after treatment. Using ImageJ software, the rate of wound closure was determined. Also, under MG63 and SaOS2 cell-conditioned media treatment, Boyden chamber assay was utilized to assess EA.hy926 cell migration, as described previously (11). The upper well was loaded with EA.hy926 cells, while the lower well with conditioned medium obtained from MG63/SaOS2 cells after siRNA transfection. The membrane was fixed and stained with DAPI after the experiment, and the migratory cells were analyzed under a fluorescence microscope. The proliferation of the loaded cells in the Boyden chamber was calculated by counting EA.hy926 cells before and after the experiment.

Total RNA was obtained using the Trizol reagent of Invitrogen (Waltham, MA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. According to the manufacturer’s instructions, cDNA was produced using a Reverse Transcriptase kit (Invitrogen). A SYBR premix Ex Taq II (TIi RNase H plus) was used for real-time PCR analysis (Takara, Kusatsu, Japan). For the cell line study, GAPDH and U6 were used to normalize mRNA and miRNA expressions, respectively. For CAM assay-based mRNA expression, the β-actin was employed. Supplementary Table 1 lists the primer sequences utilized in this research. Reverse transcription was performed using a micro Script II RT kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) for mature miRNA. The 50-µl reaction volume was made up of 1× miScript Universal Primer, 1× miScript primer assay, 1× QuantiTect SYBR Green PCR Master Mix, template cDNA, and RNase free water for expression. ΔΔCt method of relative quantification was used to calculate relative miRNA/mRNA expression (12).

The cells (SaOS2 and MG63) were transfected with miRNA/siRNA and grown for up to 24 h. According to the manufacturer’s instructions, the conditioned medium was prepared and VEGFA quantified using a human VEGFA ELISA Kit (Elabscience, Wuhan, China).

Following the methodology published elsewhere, Western blot analysis was performed (12). Total cell lysates were extracted with RIPA buffer including a protease inhibitor cocktail (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), and 20 μg of protein was utilized for Western blot analysis with VEGFA (1:1,000) and α-tubulin (1:1,000) antibodies (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA). Similarly, total lysates from Zebrafish embryos were extracted, and Western blot analysis was done using the antibodies Tie-2 (1:1,000) (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA), VEGFA (1:1,000) (Abcam, Cambridge, UK), α-SMA (1:1,000) (GeneTex, Irvine, CA, USA), and α -tubulin (1:1,000) (R&D Systems). Supersignal West Dura Extended Duration Substrate (Thermo Scientific) was employed to detect the protein bands.

The luciferase reporter assay was carried out according to the manufacturer’s protocol using the pmirGLO dual-luciferase miRNA target expression vector (Promega, Madison, WI, USA). The wild and mutant VEGFAs/MALAT1s sense and antisense primers with an internal NotI site were annealed and cloned between PmeI and XbaI restriction sites in vector. The NotI restriction enzyme was used to identify the clones that contained the VEGFA/MALAT1 3′-UTR sequence. SaOS2/MG63 cells were transfected with wild/mutant VEGFA/MALAT1 3′-UTR reporter plasmid (200 ng) and miRNA (50 nM) using Lipofectamine 2000 transfection reagent (Invitrogen). A dual-luciferase reporter assay kit was used to assess luciferase activity after 24 h. The ratio of Renilla/firefly luciferase activity was measured (10).

The Government Poultry Station in Chennai provided preincubated white Leghorn chick (Gallus gallus) eggs. The eggs were incubated under standard conditions of 37°C and 60% humidity. Hamburger Hamilton (HH) stage 22 embryos were used in all of the investigations. The eggs were cracked open and placed in foam containers with the embryos face up, with a permeable polyethylene lining covering them. The shell-less embryos were kept at 35.5°C with a humidity of 68% (13). On the vascular bed, 18 mm coverslips containing MG63 cells with or without transfection were placed, allowing the cells to come into direct touch with the vascular bed. The images were taken using a stereomicroscope connected with a Magnus digital camera and analyzed using picasa3 and AngioQuant software after treatment for up to 6 h (14).

Zebrafish breeding and maintenance were undertaken in an in-house facility, according to recognized methods (10). Institutional animal ethical committee of Saveetha University in Chennai, India, approved all protocols (BRULAC/SDCH/SIMATA/IAEC.3-2021/067). MG63 cells were initially transfected with si-MALAT1 or si-control, as reported in the Materials and Methods section. The cells were labeled with CellTracker™ Green 5-chloromethylfluorescein diacetate (CMFDA) (Thermo Fisher) as per the manufacturer’s protocol after 24 h of transfection and then implanted in embryos as stated (10, 15). MG63 cells (~1,000 cells) were injected into 2 days postfertilization embryos. The yolk sac near the Cuvier duct was injected with a glass needle supplied with ~10 nl of cell suspension solution by a Femtojet injector (Eppendorf). The implanted embryos were allowed to settle for 1 h at 28°C before being kept at 35°C. Fluorescence microscopy was used to image the MG63 cells 24 h after implantation.

The means ± SD are used to represent all of the data. To compare quantitative variables, a one-way analysis of variance or a Student’s t-test was utilized. To determine the correlation between the groups, a Pearson correlation analysis was used. It was considered that p < 0.05 was statistically significant.

Accumulating evidence indicates that MALAT1 appears to serve as an oncogene in a variety of human malignancies, including OS, and angiogenesis is a critical process in the formation and progression of osteosarcoma. However, not much research on MALAT1 regulation in OS-induced tumor angiogenesis has been done. Therefore, real-time RT-PCR analysis was used to detect MALAT1 expression in OS cell lines in order to assess its level. The MALAT1 expression level was elevated in the OS cell line than in the osteoblasts differentiated from human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs), as shown in Figure 1A . MG63 and SaOS2 cells were transfected with si-MALAT1 or si-control, and MALAT1 expression was measured to determine the involvement of MALAT1 in OS-induced angiogenesis. The results of real-time RT-PCR demonstrated that Si-MALAT1 was effective in knocking down MALAT1 in MG63 and SaOS2 cells ( Figure 1B ). To further investigate the role of MALAT1 in angiogenesis in OS, the cell proliferation, morphology, and migration assays were performed in EA.hy926 cells treated with conditioned medium from SaOS2 and MG63 cells transfected with si-MALAT1 or si-control. Cell proliferation was analyzed by MTT assay ( Figure 2A ), morphology assessed by FDA staining ( Figure 2B ), and migration was analyzed by scratch wound ( Figures 2C, D ) and Boyden chamber assay ( Figures 2E, F ). The results showed that decreased endothelial cell proliferation and migration were observed in the si-MALAT1 group compared with si-control group ( Figures 2A–F ).

The angiogenesis-related gene, VEGFA level was analyzed in MG63 and SaOS2 cells and cell culture supernatants of MG63 and SaOS2 cells via Western blot ( Figure 3A ) and ELISA ( Figure 3B ). Figures 3A, B shows that knocking down MALAT1 by si-MALAT1 transfection greatly reduced VEGFA expression and secretion level in MG63 and SaOS2 cells but had no impact on HGF or VEGFD/C (data not shown). Furthermore, si-MALAT1-reduced VEGFA mRNA expression considerably ( Figure 3C ). VEGFA is a well-known regulator of tumor angiogenesis. VEGFA is found to be released by various tumors including OS to control angiogenesis by stimulating the endothelial cells in its microenvironment. Tumor activates angiogenesis by secreting VEGFA (11, 16). Collectively, MALAT1 promotes angiogenesis in OS by regulating VEGFA. Previous research has shown that lncRNAs play a significant role in cancer growth and progression by acting as miRNA decoys that control gene expression. The probable interactions between lncRNAs and miRNAs were predicted to further examine the molecular mechanisms involved in MALAT1-induced VEGFA expression. MALAT1 promotes OS cell metastasis and proliferation (17). MALAT1 targets miR-150-5p in osteoarthritis thereby regulating cartilage cell apoptosis, extracellular matrix degradation, and osteoarthritis development by the activation of miR-150-5p/AKT3 signaling (18). Similarly, MALAT1-miR-150-5p interactions and regulatory mechanisms were reported in a variety of conditions, including systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (19), airway smooth muscle cell proliferation (20), endoplasmic reticulum stress regulation (21), and pregnancy-induced hypertension (22). In colorectal cancer, miR-150-5p inhibits cell growth and metastasis by directly targeting VEGFA (23, 24). LncRNA TNK2-AS1 regulated oxidized low-density lipoprotein-stimulated human aortic smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration by VEGFA/miR-150-5p axis (25). miR-150-5p/VEGFA signaling mediates extravillous trophoblast cell migration and angiogenesis (26). Hence, we speculate that MALAT1 may play a role in the control of miR-150-5p, instructing OS to release VEGFA in their microenvironment in order to induce angiogenesis. The initial miR-150-5p analysis in OS cells, it was found to be considerably downregulated in MG63 and SaOS2 cells relative to normal osteoblasts differentiated from hDPSCs ( Figure 3D ). MALAT1 knockdown dramatically inhibited the expression of miR-150-5p in MG63 and SaOS2 cells, as shown in Figure 3E . MALAT1 upregulates VEGFA and downregulates miR-150-5p expression in OS, according to the findings.

The target sequence for miR-150-5p on the 3′-UTR of MALAT1 is shown elsewhere (19–21). Figure 4A shows the predicted binding sites. Next, reporter vectors containing miR-150-5p binding regions in the wild MALAT1 3-UTR and mutant MALAT1 3-UTR were used to measure relative luciferase activity. In MG63 cells cotransfected with miR-150-5p mimic and wild MALAT1 3′-UTR, the relative luciferase activity was reduced, as shown in Figure 4B . The result showed that there is a direct interaction between MALAT1 and miR-150-5p in OS. MALAT1 interaction with miR-150-5p is documented in several studies. MALAT1 involvement in OS promotion is well reported previously (27, 28). The regulation and interaction between MALAT1 and miR-150-5p have been confirmed using various molecular techniques like RNA pull down, ribonucleoprotein immunoprecipitation analysis, and luciferase reporter assay and in various studies (18–22).

To further investigate the function of miR-150-5p in the expression of VEGFA induced by MALAT1, the possible interactions between miR-150-5p and VEGFA were predicted. The expected results suggested that VEGFA contained a miR-150-5p-binding site ( Figure 4C ). Next, reporter vectors containing miR-150-5p-binding regions in the wild VEGFA 3-UTR and mutant VEGFA 3-UTR were used to measure relative luciferase activity. In MG63 cells cotransfected with miR-150-5p mimic and wild VEGFA 3′-UTR, the relative luciferase activity was reduced, as shown in Figure 4D . Furthermore, in MG63 cells, miR-150-5p mimic dramatically reduced VEGFA protein ( Figure 4E ) and mRNA ( Figure 4F ), as well as secretory levels of VEGFA ( Figure 4G ). The findings revealed that in OS, miR-150-5p and VEGFA had a negative interaction. Taken together, our findings imply that VEGFA is a direct miR-150-5p target gene. The interaction between miR-150-5p and VEGFA is documented in various studies. MALAT1 involvement in OS promotion is well-reported previously (27, 28). MALAT1 regulation of miR-150-5p is also reported in various conditions (18–22). miR-150-5p regulation of VEGFA is also reported in various conditions (23–26). Hence, we investigated whether MALAT1 regulation of miR-150-5p/VEGFA signaling plays a role in OS-induced angiogenesis.

The next step was to see if MALAT1 overexpression in OS can control tumor angiogenesis via miR-150-5p/VEGFA signaling. A chick embryo CAM model was employed to analyze this. Using chick embryos, we recently established a novel model to test the angiogenic regulation of tumor (13). MG63 cells were grown in coverslips and transfected with si-MALAT/si-control, miR-150-5p mimic, or control miRNA for 24 h, then inversely kept on CAM bed at day 4. In a recent investigation, we discovered that a dose of MG63 of 50,000 is ideal for a possible tumor angiogenic investigation (13). The CAM vascular bed image was obtained after 6 h of treatment and analyzed for angiogenic characteristics using picasa3 and AngioQuant software. The results were compared between 2 and 6 h. The results in comparison with si-control-transfected cells, si-MALAT1-transfected MG63 cells revealed lower blood vessel junction, length, and size ( Figure 5A ). Similarly, miR-150-5p mimic transfected MG63 cell exposure also reduced these angiogenic parameters compared with control miRNA-transfected cells. Additionally, inhibition of VEGFA by Avastin in MG63 cells showed decreased tumor angiogenic effect. In addition, total RNA was extracted from the CAM vasculature after 6 h of treatment and subjected to real-time RT-PCR analysis for the expression of angiogenic markers VEGFA, ANG1, Tie2, CXCR4, and FGF2 ( Figure 5B ). VEGFA, angiopoietin 1 (ANG1), Tie2, CXC motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), and fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) are well-known angiogenic marker genes (11, 29). As expected, the angiogenic markers, VEGFA, ANG1, Tie2, CXCR4, and FGF2 mRNA expression were decreased in si-MALAT1-transfected MG63 cell treatment group compared with si-control-transfected MG63 cell treatment group. Similarly, these markers were reduced in miR-150-5p mimic-transfected MG63 cell treatment group compared with the control miRNA-transfected MG63 cell treatment group.

The involvement of MALAT1 in OS-induced angiogenesis in zebrafish was then investigated. The zebrafish tumor xenograft model is based on the embryos being implanted with human tumor cells (10, 15). Initially, MG63 cells were transfected with si-MALAT1 or si-control, then tagged with CellTracker™ Green CMFDA and implanted into 2 days postfertilization zebrafish embryos. With the use of a tracking dye, the transplanted MG63 cells were easily tracked. Efficient homing of MG63 cells around the gastrointestinal area is found after 24 h of injection, confirming tumor existence ( Figure 6A ). The embryo survival rate following implantation was measured for up to 6 days, and tumor cell injection resulted in roughly 60% survival compared with 1× PBS injection. In MG63 cells, however, there was no difference in survival ratio between si-MALAT1 and si-control transfection. The angiogenic marker expressions was examined by Western blot after 24 h of MG63 cell xenografting in zebrafish embryos ( Figure 6B ). VEGFA, α-SMA, and Tie2 are all known to have a role in tumor angiogenesis and are employed as angiogenic markers (29, 30). The expression of VEGFA, α-SMA, and Tie2 proteins was lower in embryos implanted with si-MALAT1-transfected MG63 cells than in embryos implanted with si-control-transfected MG63 cells. As a result of the in vivo findings, MALAT1 signaling in OS may modulate tumor angiogenesis. Overall, MALAT1 promotes VEGFA expression in OS cells to induce angiogenesis by targeting miR-150-5p. Furthermore, earlier studies convincingly demonstrated the relationship between MALAT1 and miR-150-5p, as well as its role in tumor and tumor-induced angiogenesis (31–34). Similarly, the interaction of miR-150-5p and VEGFA, as well as its role in tumor and tumor-induced angiogenesis is also studied (23–26). In addition, the expression of MALAT1, miR-150-5p, and VEGFA in various tumors regulates angiogenesis in the microenvironment (23–26, 31–34). Therefore, analyzing and targeting MALAT1/miR-150-5p/VEGFA signaling, as well as other biomolecules, may be a better therapeutic strategy for preventing angiogenesis in OS microenvironment.