AUTHOR=Chen Xin , Lim-Fat Mary Jane , Qin Lei , Li Angie , Bryant Annie , Bay Camden P. , Gao Lu , Miskin Nityanand , Liu Zaiyi , Iorgulescu J. Bryan , Xu Xiaoyin , Reardon David A. , Young Geoffrey S. 

TITLE=A Comparative Retrospective Study of Immunotherapy RANO Versus Standard RANO Criteria in Glioblastoma Patients Receiving Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Oncology

VOLUME=Volume 11 - 2021

YEAR=2021

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/oncology/articles/10.3389/fonc.2021.679331

DOI=10.3389/fonc.2021.679331

ISSN=2234-943X

ABSTRACT=Objectives: Real-time assessment of treatment response in glioblastoma (GBM) patients on immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) remains challenging because inflammatory effects of therapy may mimic progressive disease, and the temporal evolution of these inflammatory findings is poorly understood. We compare GBM patient response during ICB as assessed with the Immunotherapy Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (iRANO) and the standard Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO) radiological criteria.
Methods: 49 GBM patients (7 newly diagnosed and 42 recurrent) treated with ICBs at a single institution were identified. Tumor burden was quantified on serial MR scans according to RANO criteria during ICB. Radiographic response assessment by iRANO and RANO were compared.
Results: 82% (40/49) of patients received anti-PD-1, 16% (8/49) received anti-PD-L1, and 2% (1/49) received anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA4 treatment. Change in tumor burden and best overall response ranged from -100 to +557% (median: +48%). 12% (6/49) of patients were classified as concordant non-progressors by both RANO and iRANO (best response: 1 CR, 1 PR and 4 SD). Another12% (6/49) had discordant assessments: 15% (6/41) of RANO grade progressive disease (PD) patients had iRANO grade of progressive disease unconfirmed (PDU). The final classification of these discordant patients was pseudoprogression (PsP) in 3/6, PD in 2/6 and PDU in 1/6 who went off study before the iRANO assessment of PDU. iRANO delayed diagnosis of PD by 42 and 93 days in the 2 PD patients. 76% (37/49) patients were classified as concordant PD by both RANO and iRANO. 12% (6/49) of all patients were classified as PsP, starting at a median of 12 weeks (range 4-30 weeks) after ICB initiation.
Conclusions: Standard RANO and iRANO have high concordance for assessing PD in patients within 6 months of ICB initiation. iRANO was beneficial in 6% (3/49) cases later proven to be PsP, but delayed confirmation of PD by <3 months in 4% (2/49). PsP occurred in 12% of patients, starting at up to 7 months after initiation of ICB. Further study to define the utility of modified RANO compared to iRANO in ICB GBM patients is needed.