The global dietary pattern demonstrates significant disparities, with substantial segments of the population consuming food quantities either below or exceeding established nutritional recommendations (1). Globally, the intake of whole grains, fruits, and vegetables remains consistently below recommended levels, notably in North America and Asia. In contrast, excessive consumption of red and processed meats is particularly prevalent in Oceania (2). Such dietary imbalances have direct implications for public health, substantially contributing to the escalating prevalence of non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs), including obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer (3).

In response to this context, it is imperative to enhance educational strategies aimed at promoting healthier, sustainable, and culturally relevant dietary choices. Culinary workshops represent one such strategy, providing an experiential, participatory, and sensory-rich environment conducive to developing culinary skills, enhancing dietary autonomy, and appreciating food consumption as both a social and political act. Existing research indicates that participation in culinary workshops correlates with improved dietary quality, reduced consumption of ultraprocessed foods, and increased intake of fresh foods (4, 5). Additionally, culinary workshops can foster communal interaction and knowledge exchange, thereby strengthening social bonds and encouraging more mindful and emotionally engaged dietary practices (6, 7).

In recent years, the concept of adequate and healthy eating has expanded beyond nutritional considerations, encompassing social, cultural, environmental, and economic dimensions. This comprehensive approach aligns with principles advocated by the World Health Organization and the Brazilian Dietary Guidelines, emphasizing health promotion and sustainable development. The intersection of health promotion and sustainable development is increasingly recognized in academic research, highlighting the necessity for an integrated understanding of social determinants influencing dietary behaviors and decisions (8).

Furthermore, the escalating concern regarding socio-environmental impacts of current food systems underscores the importance of interventions that advocate the preparation and consumption of fresh and minimally processed foods, rather than ultraprocessed alternatives. Ultraprocessed foods, characterized by their nutritional inferiority, are linked to environmental degradation, biodiversity loss, and the erosion of traditional dietary practices (9, 10).

Despite documented experiences in existing literature, comprehensive systematic reviews addressing the impact of culinary workshops across multiple health outcomes remain limited. Therefore, this scoping review aims to systematically map the existing scientific literature concerning the influence of culinary workshops on dietary autonomy, habitual food consumption, anthropometric measures, clinical conditions, and biochemical parameters. In this review, the term dietary autonomy is understood in a broad sense, encompassing related constructs such as culinary self-efficacy, confidence in food preparation, and the ability to make informed and independent food choices. Although few studies directly assessed autonomy through validated tools, many reported improvements in participants' capacities to plan, prepare, and select foods, which we interpret as indicative of increased autonomy in practice. By consolidating and systematically evaluating these findings, this review seeks to reinforce culinary workshops as a strategic tool for promoting public health and dietary equity.

We conducted a scoping review based on guidelines from the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). This review adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRIS-MA-ScR) checklist. The scoping review protocol was previously registered and published in the Open Science Framework (OSF; https://osf.io/3zxn2/).

Given the heterogeneity of the interventions, populations, and outcomes across the included studies, and the exploratory nature of our research question, a scoping review was considered more appropriate than a systematic review or meta-analysis. Furthermore, the lack of standardized outcome measures limited the feasibility of conducting a meta-analysis, particularly for BMI-related data.

The database search yielded 1,658 articles (Figure 1). After removing duplicate manuscripts (n = 261), 1,397 titles and abstracts were screened, resulting in the exclusion of 1,372 studies. An initial full-text analysis was conducted on 25 studies, of which seven were excluded for the following reasons: absence of health outcomes (n = 2), cross-sectional design without pre- and post- culinary workshop measurements (n = 2), inclusion of children as part of the population (n = 2), and being study protocols (n = 1). The Google Scholar search returned numerous results, sorted by relevance; only the first 100 entries were analyzed for inclusion. Following a careful review, 88 studies were excluded due to lack of data on dietary preferences or involving child populations. Ultimately, 30 studies were included for full-text analysis (11–40). The selected studies were published between 2002 and 2025, all of which were written in English.

Among the selected studies, the majority were conducted in the United States (60%) and Australia (16.66%), likely reflecting the research funding and infrastructure available in these countries. The United Kingdom (6.66%), Spain, Italy, Ireland, New Zealand, and Brazil each accounted for 3.33% of the studies (Table 1).

Analysis of the target groups revealed a strong focus on vulnerable populations, including individuals with low socioeconomic status, adults with preexisting health conditions (such as diabetes, cancer, and obesity), and ethnically diverse communities, notably Indigenous, African American, and Hispanic groups. Culinary and nutritional interventions were primarily implemented in community and healthcare settings, such as community centers, clinics, and food distribution organizations.

Table 1 summarizes the key characteristics of the studies included in this review, highlighting important details such as the location of the workshops, the populations involved, the delivery modes (whether in-person, virtual, or hybrid), and the frequency and duration of each intervention (Table 1).

Educational contexts, both formal (universities and hospitality schools) and informal (online courses), as well as farmers' markets and rural extension services, were also utilized, reflecting efforts to adapt interventions to local resources and emerging technologies. However, some studies lacked detailed descriptions of their intervention settings, highlighting a need for more contextual information in future research.

Regarding the format of the workshops, 80% were conducted in person, suggesting a preference for direct interaction, while 16.6% were delivered virtually and 3.3% used a hybrid format. This distribution reflects the growing adaptation to digital technologies, potentially accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Sessions typically occurred weekly, lasting from 30 min to 3 h, with most programs spanning 4–8 weeks, although some extended up to 12 months or longer (Table 1).

In Table 2, we present the types of foods used in the workshops and the specific culinary preparations participants engaged with. Additionally, the table includes insights into food consumption patterns and participants' autonomy in making food choices (Table 2).

The analysis of ingredients used in interventions revealed a predominant focus on fruits and vegetables (83.3%), followed by whole grains (36.6%) and lean proteins (23.3%), with some studies referencing specific dietary patterns such as the Mediterranean and Atlantic diets. However, 16.6% of the studies did not provide detailed ingredient information, limiting the scope of analysis. The most common culinary preparations included salads (36.6%), soups (23.3%), and vegetable dishes (17.9%; Table 2).

Table 3 summarizes the health outcomes observed across the studies, focusing on changes in anthropometric measures, quality of life, and other clinical indicators. This overview is essential for understanding the broader impact of the culinary workshops, showing how they can contribute to improvements in both physical health and mental wellbeing (Table 3).

Among the studies included in this review, only fourteen reported clinical health outcomes. A significant reduction in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels and improved management of type 2 diabetes mellitus were observed following 6–12 weeks of culinary workshops (35, 40). A decrease in C-reactive protein (CRP) levels was also reported, associated with increased consumption of anti-inflammatory foods (24). Improvements in lipid profiles, particularly reductions in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, were identified in two studies (11, 16). Only one study directly measured blood pressure as a primary outcome, demonstrating statistically significant reductions in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure values (p < 0.0001) after a 6-week in-person intervention based on plant-based foods. Regarding mental health and wellbeing, several studies reported significant improvements, including reductions in the number of days experiencing feelings of sadness or anxiety (21, 26, 37) (Table 3).

Reductions in anthropometric parameters, such as body weight, BMI, and waist/hip circumference, were reported in 15 of the 33 studies. These outcomes were more commonly observed in interventions lasting 6 weeks or longer, with 53% showing statistically significant changes (11, 17, 25, 30, 35, 39) (Table 3).

Dietary autonomy was assessed in 81% of the studies, with robust and statistically significant evidence of improvements in confidence, culinary self-efficacy, dietary management, practical skills, and attitudes toward healthy eating (24, 27, 31, 34, 35, 39) (Table 3).

Regarding dietary intake, more than 90% of the studies demonstrated significant improvements in eating patterns, particularly with increased consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and minimally processed foods. Additionally, the interventions had a direct impact on reducing the consumption of added sugars, total calories, and ultra-processed foods (11, 15, 18, 20, 21, 23, 41) (Table 3).

Quality of life was assessed in seven studies, with statistically significant results observed in only three of them (11, 18, 26), which reported improvements in mental, functional, and emotional domains. The remaining studies provided qualitative evidence of enhanced wellbeing, health perception, and social engagement, particularly among vulnerable populations (Table 3).

Culinary workshops have expanded their reach as an effective means to promote healthy eating habits and strengthen food and nutrition education (FNE). The results of this review directly corroborate this trend, highlighting that this type of intervention encompasses not only technical-cooking instruction but also a space for critical learning about food and its myriad possibilities, including the exchange of knowledge and cultural particularities that impact health, eating behavior, autonomy, and wellbeing.

In particular, although autonomy was not always directly measured, several studies documented improvements in culinary self-efficacy, confidence in food preparation, and greater independence in dietary choices. These findings support the interpretation of dietary autonomy as a multidimensional construct, often indirectly captured through behavioral and self-perception changes.

This analysis identified that eight studies reported statistically significant reductions in anthropometric parameters, such as body weight, BMI, and waist circumference. These findings reinforce the experiences reported by Freitas et al. (40), who used workshops as a training strategy for Nutrition students, evidencing that applied knowledge has the potential to positively influence participants' physical health. However, more robust clinical effects tend to emerge when workshops are combined with other systematic nutrition education actions and multidisciplinary approaches (41).

Although the presented data suggest the potential of workshops to positively influence metabolic health, the magnitude of the effects varies widely, as sustainability over the long term is often a determining factor (42). Therefore, there is a need to standardize protocols and assessments that address clinical and anthropometric parameters.

The results related to significant improvements in dietary intake are largely consistent with other studies found in the literature (7, 43), which describe culinary workshops as “sensitizing settings” capable of encouraging more conscious and sustainable eating practices. The study by Begley et al. (30), included in this review, showed significant gains in meal planning and preparation domains, reinforcing the idea that culinary practice is indeed a mechanism for food empowerment.

Moreover, as indicated by the data obtained from this synthesis and in line with the studies by Vaughan et al. (44) and Luz et al. (45), longer interventions tend to generate more consistent effects on eating behavior, as well as increased acceptance of new foods through repeated exposure and sensory engagement, favoring changes in food preferences.

Although data on quality of life were scarce among the included studies, the subjective effects reported on mental wellbeing, self-esteem, and positive health perception align harmoniously with findings related to the recovery of affective memories associated with cooking, the strengthening of social bonds, and the appreciation of culinary practices (46).

Among the aspects addressed in this review, it is confirmed that the duration of workshops is a fundamental factor for their effectiveness. Longer interventions, going beyond one-off meetings and offering follow-up or reinforcement of content, were associated with greater adherence, improvements in food consumption, and autonomy. Additionally, continuous approaches adapted to the realities of participants have proven to be much more effective, as they strengthen bonds and cultural appreciation (47). However, few studies conducted follow-up assessments, limiting the understanding of the long-term sustainability of the effects.

In Brazil, the promotion of healthy eating is supported by a robust set of public policies and structural programs. Among the most prominent are the National School Feeding Program (PNAE), which ensures balanced meals and nutrition education activities in public schools (48); the Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population, an internationally recognized reference for its emphasis on fresh and minimally processed foods (49); and the Health in Schools Program (PSE), which integrates intersectoral actions focused on health and nutrition (50).

Additionally, local initiatives such as community gardens, solidarity kitchens, and university extension projects expand access to healthy foods and reinforce sustainable practices (51–53). These actions form an ecosystem of strategies aimed at improving food quality and promoting food and nutritional security, in which culinary workshops emerge as an educational and community tool with high potential for impact.

Despite growing interest in cooking workshops as a tool for improving eating habits and promoting health, there is still a significant gap in research focused on the impact of these interventions in developing countries such as Brazil. Most existing studies have mainly involved university students, a population that, although it shows beneficial results with these interventions, does not accurately reflect the broader demographic characteristics of most developing countries (22, 54). University students generally represent a more educated and higher-income group, which contrasts with the socioeconomic reality of the general population in countries such as Brazil, where lower levels of education, income disparity, and limited access to resources prevail (55).

While many successful interventions have been conducted in developed countries, the approach to culinary workshops can be adapted to the Brazilian context by considering local food habits, cultural diversity, and available resources. Workshops in Brazil, for example, could emphasize the use of traditional and locally available foods, making them more accessible and relevant to local populations. Additionally, adapting recipes to incorporate affordable ingredients and leveraging local knowledge on food preparation can increase the effectiveness and sustainability of these interventions (56).

Considering their multiple facets—from physical health to emotional wellbeing—culinary workshops should be integrated into public food and nutrition policies. Programs mentioned in the scope of the studies, such as “Cooking Matters” conducted in the United States, have already demonstrated applicability in vulnerable populations, while in Brazil, reported experiences (7, 43, 46) highlight the potential of workshops to strengthen fairer, more inclusive, and sustainable eating practices. It is essential to foster collaboration among universities, research centers, healthcare services, and social movements to support the implementation of culinary workshops as a health promotion tool, as they can become powerful pedagogical, community, and political instruments to tackle non-communicable chronic diseases and food insecurity.

Incorporating culinary workshops into public health initiatives in Brazil and similar countries requires a broader and more inclusive approach. Future studies should aim to include diverse populations, such as low-income communities, rural areas, and individuals with lower levels of formal education, to better capture the challenges and potential benefits for these groups. Additionally, adapting the content and delivery of culinary workshops to the specific needs and preferences of these populations, considering factors such as local food availability, cultural relevance, and economic constraints will be key to ensuring the success and sustainability of these interventions (57).

The standardization of culinary workshops can be achieved by establishing clear guidelines to ensure consistency across interventions. This includes defining specific objectives for each workshop, such as enhancing food autonomy or increasing the consumption of fresh and minimally processed foods. Moreover, it is essential to set recommended durations and frequencies for the workshops, with most programs running between 4 and 8 weeks to facilitate adherence and the practical application of learned concepts (14, 16, 18, 19, 24–26, 29, 31, 33–35, 38).

In addition, standardization should encompass the use of consistent assessment methods, such as self-report questionnaires and food diaries, which allow for comparability across different studies and contexts. Embracing digital platforms, increasingly prominent in the 21st century, is also a key strategy for expanding access to culinary workshops. Virtual and hybrid models offer flexible alternatives, particularly for individuals in remote areas or those with mobility challenges. The use of digital tools, such as apps and online videos, can further enhance the accessibility and adaptability of these interventions (58, 59).

Encouraging the participation of health professionals, such as nutritionists, during culinary workshops to provide accurate and personalized information is a way to ensure that participants receive appropriate and safe dietary guidance. Nutritionists can also play a key role in adapting recipes for specific health conditions, such as diabetes or hypertension, promoting healthy and safe eating. Integrating culinary workshops with other health services can enhance results and ensure continuity of care (60).

Another important aspect is the need to address food safety issues in culinary workshops, offering information about accessible and safe ingredients for consumption, as well as emphasizing food hygiene practices and allergy prevention (61, 62).

To incorporate culinary workshops into public policies in Brazil and similar countries, several mechanisms should be considered. First, integrating these workshops into existing programs such as PNAE or PSE could provide a framework for reaching large-scale populations. Workshops could be offered as part of nutrition education and health promotion initiatives, particularly in low-income and vulnerable communities, where access to nutritional education and healthy food is limited.

Another key mechanism would be aligning culinary workshops with local health and nutrition policies, ensuring they are incorporated into the broader strategy for improving diet quality and food security. Partnerships between universities, community organizations, and local governments could facilitate the implementation and scaling up of these workshops, while also considering the cultural, social, and economic realities of different regions.

Culinary workshops have shown positive impacts on health, but methodological limitations—such as short follow-ups and underrepresentation of studies in vulnerable settings—affect the generalizability of findings. Integrating these workshops into public policies through interdisciplinary, intersectoral, and community-based approaches can enhance their social relevance and long-term impact. Beyond cooking skills, workshops that embrace social and educational dimensions contribute to healthier, more equitable, and sustainable food practices.