The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the coronavirus (COVID-19), a serious acute respiratory condition, to be a pandemic and a public health threat in March 2020 (1). Saudi Arabia announced the first COVID-19 case on March 2, 2020 (2). In step with international efforts to counter and mitigate the spread of COVID-19, Saudi Arabia’s Ministry of Health has applied several preventive measures and restrictions to limit the spread of infection including physical distancing. Physical distancing was implemented in various ways including quarantines, travel restrictions, distance work, and closing of stores, crowded areas including universities, schools, and gym/sport centers (3, 4). Individuals were informed by law of physical distancing methods by staying at home, limiting travel, avoiding overcrowded spots, using non-contact greetings, and physically distancing themselves from others (3, 5). Accordingly, changes in health and socio-economic status have been reported locally and globally (6).

As a result of preventive restrictions, new habits and routines have been developed that need attention (6). A number of studies have shown positive modifications in persons’ lifestyle such as eating habits, and increasing the number of consumed and cooked meals at home (6–8). On the other hand, a home quarantine and limited practice of normal activities had a negative impact on the individual daily habits, such as increased food consumption “emotional eating” to deal with emotional triggers as many persons’ experience undesirable feelings and distress due to fear of infection and of the loss of loved one (6, 7). Additionally, working from home leads to less physical activity (9). An aggravated sedentary lifestyle, increased sitting time, fewer chances for performing physical activity, and extended time spent on smart devices have adversely affected people’s sleep quality (8–14).

By the end of 2021, normal life activities returned gradually particularly for people who completed the doses of COVID-19 vaccine. Several studies have assessed and reported the short-term effect of home isolation and lockdown (8–12). Nevertheless, few studies have evaluated the long-term impact of quarantine including post pandemic effect. However, there is a gap in knowledge on the long-term impact of quarantine on dietary habits from Saudi Arabia and regional countries. It is probable that the pandemic left a heritage of doubt and psychological disturbance among people. It is imperative to investigate whether these alterations in physical activity, eating habits, and sleep quality have a significant impact on people’s daily quality of life (15). Therefore, this study aims to explore the long-term impact of COVID-19 pandemic and physical quarantine on eating habits after quarantine among Saudi adults in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia.

A total of 1,451 participants completed the survey. Males represented 47.6% of the respondents with statistically significant higher age (35.59 ± 13.12, p = 0.011), height (172.22 ± 7.54, p < 0.001), and weight (65.59 ± 11.45, p < 0.001) than females. About one-third of the participants (33.8%) reported stable weight during COVID-19 pandemic. However, 40.9% reported weight gain, and 20.7% reported weight loss. A total of 1,286 (88.6%) indicated changes in their dietary habits after COVID-19 pandemic. Half of them (50.4%) had 1–3 dietary habits change and slightly more than one-third (34.4%) had 4–7 dietary habits change. Further details are presented in Table 1.

Table 2 displays the percentages of dietary habits change before and after COVID-19. The results showed statistically significant difference in the consumption (before and after COVID-19 pandemic) of fast food (worse consumption; p < 0.001), fried food (worse consumption; p < 0.001), fruits and vegetables (better consumption; p < 0.001), balanced healthy ingredients diet (better consumption; p < 0.001), sugar/honey/jiggery (p < 0.001), sugar-sweetened beverages (worse consumption; p < 0.001), and junk food/fast food due to boredom/distress/disappointment (worse consumption; p = 0.003). No other significant differences were found in the remaining dietary habits (Table 2).

The participants reported several unhealthy dietary changes most commonly eating fast food (33%), eating junk food/fast food due to boredom/distress/disappointment (29.8%), and high sugar such as sweet porridge, pastry, sweets, and chocolate (28.5%). In contrast, the top healthier reported dietary habits changes were having a balanced healthy ingredients diet (34.4%), an increase in the consumption of fruits and vegetables, and a decrease in the intake of junk foods (28.9%: Table 3).

The univariate analyses showed a significant association between age (p = 0.010) and weight status during COVID-19 (p < 0.001) with unhealthy dietary habits changes after COVID-19. A logistic regression was performed to ascertain the effects of age, sex, BMI, marital status, and weight during COVID-19 pandemic on the likelihood that participants exhibit unhealthy dietary habits. Males were 1.43 times more likely to exhibit unhealthy dietary habits than females (p = 0.038, CI: 1.02–2.02). Increasing age was associated with a reduction in the likelihood of exhibiting unhealthy dietary habits (OR: 0.98, p = 0.011, CI: 0.96–0.99). Moreover, participants who reported stable weight or weight loss during COVID-19 were 0.29 (p = 0.043, 0.09–0.96) and 0.34 (p = 0.020, 0.07–0.79), respectively, less likely to have unhealthy dietary habits (Table 4).

COVID-19 outbreak and quarantine measures clearly had an impact on the population’s lifestyle-related behavior. To control the outbreak of COVID-19, many countries, including Saudi Arabia, have implemented quarantine measures. The quarantine had the beneficial results of lowering the pandemic level due to the measures implemented. However, the fear of illness and death as well as quarantine measures boosted people’s stress levels and made them change their regular behaviors. Our study evaluated the long-term impact of the COVID-19 quarantine on the eating habits of adults from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

The results from the current study showed that 40.9% of participants reported weight gain during the COVID-19 quarantine. Our results are in line with previous studies that have reported weight gain during lockdown periods in Saudi Arabia (10, 18, 20–22). These studies have reported a prevalence of weight gain between 29.1 and 62.3%. Our findings are consistent as well with previous findings from different regions worldwide. A recent meta-analysis published by Anderson et al. (23) showed a small but potentially clinically significant increase in weight gain, BMI, and prevalence of obesity in both children and adults during COVID-19. Another systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of COVID-19 lockdown on eating disorders and obesity reported 52% pooled prevalence of increased weight (24). Additionally, a combined systematic review and a meta-analysis have reported a prevalence change in body weight of 11.1–72.4% during COVID-19 lockdown (25). People often overstocked their kitchens with different foods out of fear of COVID-19, which may have resulted in overeating, particularly canned foods, which are high in calories. Given that many people stopped their regular daily routine activities, gyms were closed, and they were forced to work from home, weight gain is a reasonable result of this drop in physical activity and energy expenditure (10, 26, 27). Overall, 80.6% of the participants reported changes in dietary habits due to COVID-19 pandemic.

We found a statistically significant increment in healthy eating habits related to fruits and vegetables and healthy ingredients diet before and after COVID-19 pandemic. This is in accordance with studies of surveyed individuals who have increased their intake of fruits and vegetables (10, 22, 28, 29), and healthy ingredients diet (17, 30). Nonetheless, other studies have reported a decrease in the consumption of fruits and vegetables and healthy ingredients diet. Lippi et al. (31) concluded there is a reduction in fruits and vegetables intake. Similarly, a study in Zimbabwe showed that 57.8% of participants indicated a decrease in the consumption of fruits and vegetables (32). On the other side, we also observed a statistically significant increment in the consumption of fast food, fried food, sugar, consume sugar-sweetened beverages. In previous studies evaluating different perspectives on eating, the participants reported increased consumption of such unhealthy foods (13, 33–37). Conversely, few studies reported a downward trend consumption of fast food during the lockdown restrictions (22, 24, 25, 38).

Boredom has been associated with unhealthy eating behaviors such as higher fat, carbohydrate, and weight gain (39). Staying home for long periods and the high prevalence of sleep disorders during COVID-19 might increase the feeling of boredom, which is often linked with overeating to escape boredom (40). Our results were consistent with the aforementioned where around 30% have eaten junk food/fast food due to boredom/distress/disappointment.

We found that high age, being male, and maintaining or losing weight were significantly associated with reporting healthy dietary behaviors. Younger adults were more likely to have undesired changes in healthy dietary behaviors as consumption of fast food compared with old adults (41). A previous study has reported that females reported unhealthier dietary behaviors and weight gain during COVID-19 pandemic (29).

Nevertheless, our study findings imply that the COVID-19 pandemic and associated regulations have a significant impact on people’s eating habits and food consumption patterns. Although several health recommendations were publicized for healthy eating during the COVID-19 pandemic and distributed information on how an adequate diet can support the immune system, the majority of our study participants did not adopt these recommendations into practice during and after the pandemic.

This work represents one of the few studies on the impact of COVID-19 quarantine on dietary habits changes, some limitations must be recognized. First, this study was cross-sectional, completed at one-time point and the self-reporting by participants on dietary habits changes before COVID-19 can introduce recall bias. The convenient sampling method might have introduced selection bias such that people with negative health and dietary changes were more likely to be interested in and completed the survey and It is still possible that selection bias influenced the results of this study.

Although healthy dietary habits have been reported in this study, such as the consumption of fruits and vegetables, COVID-19 confinement has also led to negative dietary behaviors reflected by high consumption of fast/junk food and sugar intake resulting in weight gain, a potential adverse impact on the population wellbeing.

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.

The studies involving humans were approved by King Fahad Medical City—institutional review Board. The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. The ethics committee/institutional review board waived the requirement of written informed consent for participation from the participants or the participants’ legal guardians/next of kin because No risk is anticipated in this survey-based.

MohA and IA: designed the study, statistical analysis, and supervision. MonA, ArA, AfrA, and AfnA: data collection, literature review, and prepare the draft manuscript. MohA, MonA, and IA: critical revision of the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.