Stem cells can improve the retinal microenvironment by secreting trophic factors and regulating the immune response to promote vascular repair and cell survival (Jin et al., 2019; Yamanaka, 2020).

The senescence of RPE is the characteristic and pathogenic factor of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Wang et al. showed that coculturing with embryonic stem cells (ESCs) contributed to the proliferation and the senescence-related markers downregulation of premature and replicative aging RPE cells, that is, rejuvenation, to reverse the aging of RPE. And the research has proved that ESCs reverse the senescence of RPE mainly through activating PI3K and TGFβ pathways. This result contributes to the use of stem cells for the AMD treatment by creating a younger environment.

Noueihed et al. are focusing on ischemic retinopathy (IR), a disease characterized by the microvascular destruction and pathological neovascularization formation (Bertelli et al., 2020). Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were found to regulate the immune microenvironment of ischemic retina and promote the retinal revascularization in oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model by restoring the neuronal Sema3E level and reducing the pathological level of IL-17A in myeloid cells. This article revealed the unprecedented interaction among MSCs, neurons, and myeloid cells, and established a healthy microenvironment that allowed ischemic retinal vascular regeneration.

Chen et al. present work on the vascular protection and neurotrophic effects of transplanted stem cells, which were used to protect retinal endothelial cells and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) of X-ray irradiated rat retina. After CD133⁺CD34⁺ cells from human umbilical cord blood (hUCB-CD133⁺CD34⁺) cells were transplanted into the eyes of rats with radiation retinopathy, it was observed that the visual function, vascular function, and the survival rate of RGCs were improved significantly. It is proved that this is mainly due to the neurotrophic factors and anti-apoptosis factors secreted by CD133⁺ CD34⁺ cells for improving the microenvironment.

The review of Lin et al. on this Research Topic is a systematic and comprehensive summary of the treatment of MSCs for retinal degenerative diseases in recent years. MSCs and retinal microenvironment can interact through cell communication to promote the survival of retinal cells and regulate inflammation and immune response. However, it also faces the challenges of overcoming MSCs heterogeneity and optimizing delivery methods to reduce adverse reactions.

The advanced stages of RD is characterized by the massive loss of retinal neurons, therefore, the direct use of stem cells to replace the injured neurons is also a research hotspot (Nazari et al., 2015). A number of studies have shown that stem cells transplanted into the damaged retina can differentiate into retinal cells, and even integrate into the retina to restore the visual function of RD (Gagliardi et al., 2019; Jin et al., 2021).

Thomas et al. generated the co-grafts called “total retina patch” consisting of human ESCs derived retina organoids and RPE cells using a bio-adhesive method and established a novel cell therapy paradigm for irreversible retinal eye injury. By transplanting co-grafts into the retina of immunodeficient rats, the long-term survival of the grafts was observed, it demonstrated that the co-grafts produced various cell types including photoreceptor cells that integrated into the host retina, which improved the visual function. This strategy showed a better therapeutic effect than previous RPE transplantation alone (Seiler et al., 2017; McLelland et al., 2018).

Stem cell-derived organoids have become an important model for the study of retinal diseases, as they may be able to reproduce the morphological and molecular characteristics of the retinal diseases during development in vitro (Bell et al., 2020; O'Hara-Wright and Gonzalez-Cordero, 2020). Zeng et al. found that in the early development stage of human retina, Particulate Matter (PM2.5) exposure may inhibit cellular proliferation, increase cellular apoptosis and trigger mis-location of neurons through MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathways, resulting in abnormal development of human retina in hESC-derived retinal organoids.

These research articles on the topic show that it is very promising to treat retinal degenerative diseases based on stem cell-therapy, and provide many new perspectives and ideas. It is expected that more articles will emerge and open a new gorgeous chapter of stem cells in the treatment of retinal degenerative diseases.

XH and HG prepared the manuscript. HX revised the manuscript and provided financial support. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

This study was supported by funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31930068).

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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