Edited by: Nicola Modugno, Mediterranean Neurological Institute Neuromed (IRCCS), Italy
Reviewed by: Federico Villagra, Aberystwyth University, United Kingdom; Tommaso Schirinzi, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
This article was submitted to Neurodegeneration, a section of the journal Frontiers in Neuroscience
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
Parkinson's disease is mainly characterized by clinical motor manifestations, with postural instability being a predominant symptom that leads to many falls. One way in which postural control is assessed is to measure the characteristics of postural sway during quiet standing. In this test, subjects standstill on a force platform, which records ground forces and reaction moments that can be used to calculate the center of pressure (CoP) (Duarte and Freitas,
In PD, postural sway can be abnormal long before it is clinically evident and before starting treatment with levodopa medication (Mancini et al.,
Drug treatment through the administration of levodopa, although effective for most motor symptoms, is controversial for postural control (Baston et al.,
Other public databases on human balance have already been published (Santos and Duarte,
The data collection was performed in the Laboratory of Biomechanics and Motor Control at the Federal University of ABC, Brazil. The local ethics committee approved this study, and all patients signed a consent form before the data collection. The patients were in a stable dose of L-DOPA for at least one month. The PD patients participated in two experimental sessions, one of which was in the ON condition of the medication and the other was in the OFF condition. To be considered ON condition, participants had taken dopaminergic medication one hour before starting the session to ensure dose stabilization. In the OFF condition, the participants were at least 12 h without using any medication for Parkinson's disease. The order of the sessions was randomized among the patients. The start time of the experiment was the same as the experimental sessions.
A convenience sample of 32 idiopathic PD patients (eight females and 24 males) was recruited to participate in this study. The patients were recruited from local communities and included local neighborhoods and ambulatory movement disorders. The patients were interviewed to collect information about their demographic characteristics, socio-cultural characteristics, and overall health condition. Their ages varied from 44 to 81 years, body masses from 53.3 to 95.6 kg, heights from 151.5 to 184.0 cm, body-mass indexes (BMI) from 17.5 to 31.5 kg/m2, Hoehn & Yahr scale between 1 and 4, and 14 with freezing of gait (FoG). Inclusion criteria were the absence of neurological or physical dysfunctions other than those associated with PD and no diagnosed vestibular, visual, or somatosensory dysfunctions as self-declared.
The stabilography evaluation was based on the most common practices used in research laboratories (for a review, see Duarte and Freitas,
We followed the following procedure for the stabilography (based on Santos and Duarte,
The force platform was zeroed according to the equipment's manuals.
The researcher explained to each patient the process of data collection. The patient was informed that he or she would be monitored during the data collection and that there should not be any verbal communication during the trials but that he or she could interrupt the data collection if desired and that assistance would be given if necessary.
After these explanations, the patient signed the informed consent form.
The researcher interviewed the subject to collect information about his or her clinical data, medication, and diagnosis of the disease.
At the beginning of each session, two experienced researchers in movement disorders applied the following scales: UPDRS-II and UPDRS-III (Fahn and Elton,
Participants rested for 10 min.
The researcher instructed the patient how to stand on the force platform according to the task (with open or closed eyes and standing on a rigid or unstable surface). The patient's feet were positioned on the marks at the force platform or on the foam blocks. The researcher instructed the patient to maintain the position of his or her arms along his or her body and to stand as still as possible. During the trials, with the patient's eyes open, the patients were told to fix their gaze ahead on the round black target placed on the wall at the patient's eye level. During the trials with eyes closed, the patients were told to fix their gaze ahead at the same target, close their eyes when they felt ready, and only open them when the researcher indicated that the trial was over.
The researcher started the data collection around 5 s later when the patient said he or she was ready.
At the end of the trial, the subject was assisted to step from the force platform, and he or she could rest (and sit if desired) for about one minute before the subsequent trial.
If the subject was unable to complete a 30 s trial, the test was stopped.
The force platform data were smoothed with a 10 Hz fourth-order zero-lag low-pass Butterworth filter, and the center of pressure (CoP) was calculated according to the standard formula (Santos and Duarte,
All the data is available at Figshare (doi:
The clinical characteristics of the patients are presented in
Mean (standard deviation) of the characteristics of the participants separately by medication condition.
| Disease duration (years) | 7.23 (4.49) | |
| L-Dopa equivalent units (mg·day−1) | 787.38 (675.07) | |
| NFoG-Q (score) | 6.34 (8.76) | |
| MoCA (score) | 23.47 (3.87) | |
| H&Y stage (score) | 2.31 (0.64) | 2.38 (0.61) |
| UPDRS-II (score) | 3.91 (3.06) | 5.44 (3.21) |
| UPDRS-III (score) | 18.19 (5.81) | 26.41 (11.06) |
| UPDRS-III rigidity item (score) | 4.72 (4.10) | 5.69 (3.65) |
| UPDRS-III gait item (score) | 1.09 (0.89) | 1.28 (0.77) |
| Mini-BESTest (score) | 26.50 (4.66) | 25.06 (5.16) |
| FES-I (score) | 25.72 (8.32) | 33.31 (10.01) |
The metadata file named PDDSinfo.txt contains 39 information from the anamnesis and clinical scales of each patient. Here is the coding for the metadata:
ID: the file name of the stabilography trial (PDPDSXX, in which PDPDS stands for the project's name (Parkinson's Disease Posture Data Set); XX identifies the patient and varies from 01 to 32.
Gender: gender (F or M).
Age: patient's age in years.
Height (cm): height in meters (measured with a calibrated stadiometer).
Weight (kg): weight in kilograms (measured with a calibrated scale).
BMI (kg/m2): body mass index in kg/m2.
Ortho-Prosthesis: name of the orthosis or prosthesis the subject wears (“No” if the patient did not wear any orthosis or prosthesis).
Years of formal study: years of formal education.
Disease duration (years): year from diagnosis.
L-Dopa equivalent units (mg•day−1): total daily levodopa equivalent dose in mg•day−1 according to Tomlinson et al. (
FoG group: presence (freezers) or not (non-freezers) of freezing of gait.
NFoG-Q (score): score of New Freezing of Gait Questionnaire.
PIGD or TD: Postural Instability/Gait Difficulty (PIGD) or Tremor Dominant (TD) phenotypes of Parkinson's disease according to Stebbins et al. (
Initial symptoms: self-reported initial symptoms.
Is there a family history of PD? Who?
Do you feel improvement after using the antiparkinsonian medicine?: Yes or No.
Have you ever had any surgery? Which?
Any rehabilitation or physical activity?: name of the rehabilitation or physical activity performed by the patient (“No” if the patient did not perform any rehabilitation or physical activity).
Other diseases (cardiovascular, bone, etc.): name of the disability of the patient (“No” if the patient did not present any disability).
ON—Hoehn & Yahr: Hoehn & Yahr score in the ON medication.
ON—MoCA: MoCA score in the ON medication.
ON—UPDRS-II: total score of the UPDRS-II in the ON medication.
ON—UPDRS-III: total score of the UPDRS-III in the ON medication.
ON—UPDRS-III—Rigidity: score of item 5—rigidity of UPDRS-III in the ON medication.
ON—UPDRS-III—Gait: score of item 12—rigidity of UPDRS-III in the ON medication.
ON—UPDRS-III—Bradykinesia: score of item 14—bradykinesia of UPDRS-III in the ON medication.
ON—UPDRS-III—Dyskinesia: score of item 15—dyskinesia of UPDRS-III in the ON medication.
ON—miniBESTest: miniBESTest score in the ON medication.
ON—FES-I: FES-I score in the ON medication.
OFF—Hoehn & Yahr: Hoehn & Yahr score in the OFF medication.
OFF—MoCA: MoCA score in the OFF medication.
OFF—UPDRS-II: total score of the UPDRS-II in the OFF medication.
OFF—UPDRS-III: total score of the UPDRS-III in the OFF medication.
OFF—UPDRS-III—Rigidity: score of item 5—rigidity of UPDRS-III in the OFF medication.
OFF—UPDRS-III—Gait: score of item 12—rigidity of UPDRS-III in the OFF medication.
OFF—UPDRS-III—Bradykinesia: score of item 14—bradykinesia of UPDRS-III in the OFF medication.
OFF—UPDRS-III—Dyskinesia: score of item 15—dyskinesia of UPDRS-III in the OFF medication.
OFF—miniBESTest: miniBESTest score in the OFF medication.
OFF—FES-I: FES-I score in the O OFF medication.
Each text file with the GRF data is named by the corresponding condition and trial (PDPDSXX_MED_COND_TRIAL.txt, XX identifies the patient and varies from 01 to 32; MED identifies the medication condition and can be ON or OFF; COND identifies the stabilography condition and is either RS_EO, RS_EC, US_EO or US_EC, with RS rigid surface, US unstable surface, EO eyes open and EC eyes closed; and Z identifies the number of repetitions and varies from 1 to 3). The header refers to the signal at each column and are:
Time: Time in s.
GRFml [N]: mediolateral Ground Reaction Force (GRF) in N.
GRFap [N]: anteroposterior GRF in N.
GRFv [N]: vertical GRF in N.
Mml [N.m]: mediolateral moment of force in N.m.
Map [N.m]: anteroposterior moment of force in N.m.
Mml [N.m]: vertical moment of force in N.m.
Mfree [N.m]: Free Moment at the direction Y in Nm.
CoPml [m]: mediolateral center of pressure in m.
CoPap [m]: anteroposterior center of pressure in m.
This study provides a publicly available data set with qualitative and quantitative evaluations related to the balance of PD patients. All the data is available at Figshare (doi:
These measures are relevant for the scientific community, considering the current research on balance in people with Parkinson's disease found in the literature, especially about the involvement of dopaminergic medication on the motor and cognitive aspects of these patients, and muscle weakness especially in the subtype characterized by PIGD.
We hope that the availability of this set of public data will contribute to research on postural control in PD patients since this topic is highly relevant, both for the pathophysiological and biomechanical understanding of the imbalances that affect this population, as well as for the evolution of therapeutic strategies, which still lack effective responses.
The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found in the article/supplementary material.
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Federal University of ABC. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.
CO: conceptualization, methodology, data collect, writing—original draft, and writing—review and editing. CR: conceptualization, methodology, data collect, and writing—original draft. RT, SH, EL, CB, TS, LS, TN, DC, and EG: methodology and data collect. MC: methodology, data collect, and writing—review and editing. DBC: conceptualization, methodology, data collect, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing, and supervision. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
This study was supported by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP/Brazil)—grant #2019/06604-1, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC/Brazil), and by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES/Brazil).
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.