AUTHOR=Sadrinasab Shayan , Aminiyan Armin , Saket Sadaf , Khosravi Fatemeh , Pourmohammadi Nadia , Saadat Fakhr Masoud 

TITLE=Navigating the challenges: ultrasound innovations in brain glioma surgery

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Neurology

VOLUME=Volume 16 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neurology/articles/10.3389/fneur.2025.1553018

DOI=10.3389/fneur.2025.1553018

ISSN=1664-2295

ABSTRACT=Achieving maximal safe resection during glioma surgery while preserving neurological function remains a significant challenge. Intraoperative ultrasound (IOUS) offers real-time imaging that dynamically adapts to brain shift and surgical progression. This review highlights recent advances in IOUS, including established modalities such as contrast-enhanced and 3D ultrasound, and emerging innovations such as functional ultrasound (FUS), 4D volumetric imaging, artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted interpretation, and ultrasound-sensitive nanobubbles. These technologies aim to improve the identification of residual tumor, delineate infiltrative margins, and enable functional preservation. Integration with neuronavigation systems enhances accuracy, while new theranostic strategies suggest a future role for ultrasound in intraoperative therapy. Collectively, these developments position IOUS as a central component in the evolution of precision glioma surgery.