Latin America consists of 20 countries on the American continent (Figure 1) which cover an area of 21 million km², with an estimated population of 680 million inhabitants, with marked ethnic, cultural, and socioeconomic heterogeneity. A major development has occurred in the region in recent decades, with better control of communicable diseases. However, aging and population growth have led to an increase in the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, increasing mortality and disability due to stroke and cardiovascular diseases (1–4).

Stroke is the first or second leading cause of death in most countries in this region, with about 40% of these deaths occurring during a person's most productive years of their life (3, 4). Huge efforts have been made in recent years to improve stroke care in many Latin American countries led by stroke physicians. Nonetheless, there are still countless gaps to be addressed: access to stroke prevention and rehabilitation remains limited; most hospitals are not prepared for stroke care; few healthcare professionals are trained and available to assist acute stroke; there are few professional training and public awareness campaigns; funding for stroke programs, research, and education is scarce; and national stroke policies are established only in two countries (Brazil and Chile) (3).

In an initiative to join efforts to change this scenario, representatives of the Ibero-American Stroke Organization (SIECV), the World Stroke Organization and the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association organized a Latin American Stroke Ministerial Meeting in August 2018, during the pre-congress of the 21st Ibero-American Stroke Organization Congress in the city of Gramado, Brazil. The purpose of the Ministerial Meeting was to engage government leadership, healthcare policymakers, and civil society to explore and share promising efforts that were accelerating actions to address cerebrovascular diseases. It provided a forum to demonstrate how countries were meeting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) and continue to foster cooperation across the region to achieve the World Health Organization's goal of reducing pre-mature deaths from non-communicable diseases by one third by the year 2030 through prevention and treatment (SDG 3.4)¹. The current status of the stroke burden in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay was discussed, and the priorities to be addressed in this region of the world were defined with the signature of the Declaration of Gramado. The upshots of this meeting were published in Lancet Neurology (3).

In 2020, the Global Stroke Alliance² was launched with the aim to stimulate a global alliance to improve stroke care around the world, with discussions on the best strategies to implement evidence-based interventions at all levels (prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation). At the first meeting in March 2020, in Rio de Janeiro, we gathered stroke leaders with large experience in the organization of stroke care systems, researchers, healthcare professionals, healthcare managers, and scientific societies representing 20 countries from all continents. An important part of the Global Stroke Alliance was the II Latin American Stroke Ministerial Meeting with the objectives of reviewing the achievements since the first meeting, making new commitments, and establishing deadlines for the implementation of stroke programs in the region. This article will review the 2-year advances and future plans of the Latin American alliance for stroke.

In February 2020, we sent an electronic survey to the national leaders in stroke in Latin America to evaluate changes in the stroke care in their countries since the I Latin American Stroke Ministerial Meeting (August 2018). All of them participated in the previous meeting, and all were committed to improving the stroke program in their countries through evidence-based and cost-effective strategies.

We compared the 2020 survey results with the situation in 2018 published in Lancet Neurology as a result of the I Meeting (2). Data from 12 countries were available in 2020 (except Guatemala). The survey was based in the Declaration of Gramado items (Table 1) (3). Survey results were confirmed at a meeting in March 2020 with representatives of the Ministries of Health and country leaders of the 12 countries at the II Latin American Stroke Ministerial Meeting, in Rio de Janeiro. Also, the advances in stroke care over these 2 years in Latin American countries were evaluated at this meeting and will be reported in this paper.

To evaluate the number of stroke centers in the region, we considered a stroke center to be a hospital with a structure to assist stroke patients, including stroke team and reperfusion treatment (at least intravenous thrombolysis) available 24 h/day, 7 days/week (at least intravenous thrombolysis). Stroke unit was defined as a physical space within the stroke center solely devoted to assist stroke patients and staffed by a multidisciplinary team.

The first actions to reduce the burden of stroke resulting from the I Latin American Stroke Ministerial Meeting in 2018 included: (I) publishing the results of the Ministerial Meeting with the Latin American countries priorities and commitments (3); (II) implementing a joint registry of quality indicators in stroke care; (III) structuring new stroke centers and encouraging the implementation of stroke units; and (IV) providing education to the population on stroke signs and participating in stroke campaigns of the World Stroke Organization. The publication of the Declaration of Gramado was an important landmark resulting from this event, in addition to the immediate adherence to the international quality indicators registries—Safe Implementation of Treatment in Stroke (SITS-QR)³ or Registry of Stroke Care Quality (RES-Q)⁴ —by the Latin American countries. In these 2 years, 190 hospitals in Latin America have participated in a joint registry of quality indicators, allowing for a continuous qualification of stroke centers. Cooperative work of hospitals, stroke neurologists, and governmental healthcare authorities increased during this period.

The 2020 survey was answered by 25 specialists from 12 countries. Answers from more than one specialist in each country were compared for consistency. In Table 2, we show the data from 2018 and 2020 on the implementation of National Stroke Policies, acute stroke care and rehabilitation from each country. National stroke policies were established in two countries in 2018 (Brazil and Chile) and are currently being implemented in Costa Rica. Uruguay, Paraguay, Colombia, and Mexico were working with their governments to establish a program for stroke.

The number of stroke centers increased from 322 to 448 during this period, in addition to a significant increase in stroke units. The highest increase in stroke centers was reported in Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Mexico. Of the total, 44% of stroke centers were public. The highest increase in dedicated stroke units occurred in Brazil. Thrombectomy for patients with acute ischemic stroke was available in all countries in the 2020 survey, mainly in private hospitals. In-hospital rehabilitation services were improved in several hospitals, though access to post-discharge rehabilitation services remained limited.

In Table 3, we present the level of achievement of each country with the items of the Declaration of Gramado. Of the 12 countries, Chile and Brazil were the countries that most fulfilled the commitments made in 2018 in Gramado. Initiatives for public stroke awareness, including joining the World Stroke campaigns, increased in the period from 25% in 2018 to 75% in 2020 (p = 0.014). Despite this, only Chile, Costa Rica, and Peru have government programs for public awareness in stroke. Safe and healthy environments for the practice of physical activity have been implemented in all countries since 2018 (from 42 to 100%, p < 0.001) and policies to modify lifestyle risk factors that encourage healthy habits have been implemented in all countries, at least partially. Stroke Riskometer, an app for the population that evaluate their stroke risk at 5 and 10 years, identifies their own risk factors and teaches how to modify them, has been used by a small proportion of the population in 50% of the participating countries. The national program to detect and control vascular risk factors improved over the years in several countries (58% in 2018 to 92% in 2020, p = 0.06), mainly those focused on controlling hypertension and diabetes (75% of the countries), including free medication for the population. Smoking cessation and salt reduction programs have been implemented in 10 of the 12 countries. Healthcare polices for the diagnosis and treatment of risk factors have been created in several countries since 2018; however, there were still difficulties in the implementation of policies for detection and treatment of dyslipidemia (42% of the countries) or atrial fibrillation (all countries).

Despite the improvement in the stroke centers structure, 58% of the countries reported that the pre-hospital care was not properly structured and the training of professionals for stroke care was limited, especially at the primary health care level. Five of the 12 countries reported having access to telemedicine in 2020 (42% compared with 17% in 2018, p = 0.43), but it remained restricted to a few hospitals and not widely available throughout the country. Figures 2, 3 describe the payer for intravenous thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy in public and private hospitals.

The research in stroke has increased in some countries. Brazil in recent years has had a major national advancement in clinical research, which has driven changes in public policies, such as the implementation of mechanical thrombectomy in the national public healthcare system supported by the result of RESILIENT trial. Chile, México, and Colombia also reported an increase in the national incentive for stroke research since 2018 but with still limited resources.

Importantly, most countries (92%) reported improvement in stroke care in this period between 2018 and 2020. The implementation of policies to control risk factors and encourage healthy habits, the structuring of stroke centers and the increase availability of intravenous thrombolysis and thrombectomy in acute stroke were the most cited.

Despite the great impact of stroke in Latin American countries, the initiative to collaborate, exchange experiences, and unite all the stakeholders including the governments has yielded good results. Important advances have been made in the region in terms of increasing the number of services for acute stroke care, implementing acute phase treatments (thrombolysis and thrombectomy) and creating programs for the detection and treatment of hypertension, diabetes, and lifestyle modification, essential strategies recommended by the World Health Organization¹ and World Stroke Organization (5–7).

Since 2018, the Declaration of Gramado has been a guide to be followed by the Latin American countries for all evidence-based strategies to improve stroke care, and the implementation of recommended strategies has shown a significant improvement in the region in this short period of time. Chile and Brazil, both with National Policies since 2007 and 2012, respectively^5,6,7, had the highest number of recommendations implemented. The National Stroke Policy being implemented in Costa Rica was another important achievement in this period.

The awareness campaigns launched by the World Stroke Organization⁸ in 2006 have being increasingly used every year. In Latin American countries, the improvement was significant in the number of countries with national campaigns (from 25 to 75%) as well as in the number of governmental and non-governmental initiatives. It is necessary to measure the impact of these campaigns on the population's knowledge about stroke. Although a study has shown better recognition of risk factors in recent years in Argentina (8, 9), recognition of warning signs remains very low and actions that could save lives and reduce the inability to call an ambulance and go to a stroke center are still very scarce (8, 10, 11).

Despite the great international appeal for the implementation of effective and low-cost strategies in primary prevention (12–16), such as reducing salt intake, encouraging physical exercise and weight reduction, discontinuing alcohol and unhealthy foods intake, in our study, as in many countries across the globe (17–19), there has been only a partial implementation of these strategies that could have a huge impact in decreasing the global burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). An important aspect is that 100% of Latin American countries in our study encouraged the physical activity, which could reduce the risk of CVD and help to control obesity, reducing blood pressure and cholesterol. In addition, 100% of countries had adhered to some smoking cessation strategy, including countries that are models for this proposal, such as Brazil and Panama (3). Knowledge about stroke prevention has advanced a lot in recent years, but the strategies for implementation have failed to reduce the burden (6, 17). Free motivational tools as Stroke Riskometer have shown the potential to help in lifestyle modification and could be an opportunity to increase education about risk factors and how to control them (5, 20–23). The Stroke Riskometer has been used by part of the population in 50% of the Latin American countries and increasing its use could help to control risk factors.

Detection and control of the cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension and diabetes, has greatly improved over these 2 years, including the availability of free drugs in 75% of the evaluated countries. Dyslipidemia was not adequately monitored and treated. Atrial fibrillation has not been screened in many countries, probably based on the fact that the benefit of screening in primary prevention has not been demonstrated. Furthermore, there have been no treatment policies in the region despite the fact that detection of atrial fibrillation and appropriate treatment could reduce the risk of stroke by 64% in patients with this neglected risk factor, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) (24, 25).

The huge adherence to the international quality indicator registries (RES-Q and SITS-QR) from zero in 2018 to 190 hospitals in 2 years is a good example of how this type of collaboration can lead to greater motivation to implement new changes. The World Stroke Organization/Ibero-American Stroke Organization Angels Award, implemented in August 2018 to recognize and honor teams and individuals committed to improving the quality of stroke practice, was an important way to establish a culture of continuous monitoring, acknowledging those who achieve the benchmarks in the quality indicators for stroke care. The Angels Initiative⁹, with a team of consultants, was also a very important tool to identify capable hospitals and help them in the first steps toward the implementation of stroke centers. They were also important in the qualification of stroke centers that were already established, identifying the gaps to the reperfusion treatment delay and providing guidance to reduce these gaps.

There was a 35% increase in the number of stroke centers in the region in 2 years and an increase in stroke units (67% of countries in 2018 to 83% of countries in 2020). The greater increase occurred in Brazil because of the National Stroke Program with better reimbursement for hospitals with stroke units^3,4. Stroke units are a highly effective strategy in acute care and early rehabilitation to reduce stroke morbidity and mortality (26) and their implementation should be a priority in Latin America. Unfortunately, they are underutilized or unused, as shown in a recent paper that evaluate stroke services across the world (27), with the worst situation in LMIC.

Despite the increase in stroke centers in the period, pre-hospital stroke care remains limited, as 58% of the countries did not have an organized system. Pre-hospital care is a fundamental part of the organization of stroke systems of care to ensure early arrival at the prepared hospital and the better outcomes (28).

The implementation of mechanical thrombectomy occurred in a small number of hospitals in all countries and remains mostly restricted to private hospitals. Chile has had thrombectomy as a government policy with official reimbursement to public hospitals since January 2020² (29). The RESILIENT trial (30), a randomized thrombectomy trial across stroke centers in the Brazilian Public Healthcare System, demonstrated the safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness of this treatment in under-resourced settings. Since the study results in 2019, the number of public hospitals adopting thrombectomy has been continuously increasing in Brazil. We expect an even higher impact in the current year with the recent incorporation of thrombectomy as a reimbursed treatment by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. This study is a good example of how government-funded research can lead to significant changes in public healthcare policy. Additional collaborative research efforts are in place, generating a good source of information about stroke in the region with potential global implications.

Regardless of the increasing number of stroke centers in the region, in some countries the patient must pay for reperfusion therapies, at least in part. In public hospitals, intravenous thrombolysis needs full payment by the patient in 8% of countries whereas in 23% of the countries half of the costs are paid by the patient and the other half by the government. In private hospitals, intravenous thrombolysis in 42% of the countries are not fully covered by private insurance and the patient pays for treatment in 17% of countries and half the cost in 25% of countries. Non-reimbursement of thrombolytic medication certainly limits access for several patients. Discussions with healthcare managers to reinforce that the treatment has been level 1A of evidence since 1995 (31), is effective and cost-saving (32) and that implementation has a high impact on patient outcomes (33), decreasing disability and costs, could help to change this scenario. For mechanical thrombectomy (MT), the situation is even worse. In private hospitals, MT is fully paid by private insurance in only 42% of countries. In public hospitals, the government pays for MT in only 35% of countries.

Telemedicine is a low-cost tool used to increase access to stroke centers and stroke experts, including smartphone mobile apps validated in the region (34). Unfortunately, despite of the increment from 17% in 2018 to 42% in 2020, it was restricted to a few hospitals and poorly distributed in several countries. A similar situation occurs around the world with higher availability of telemedicine in high-income countries, where the population already has access to better organized stroke care and specialists (27).

Adequate and accessible rehabilitation is still a problem in most countries, with 92% of them indicating difficulty of accessibility of community rehabilitation after hospital discharge. The service might even be available, but the patients only get access months after stroke onset, missing out the most important period for stroke recovery. The situation is similar in other LMIC countries (27). The training of healthcare professionals remains limited, especially in primary care, which is the critical step in the detection and monitoring of cardiovascular risk factors.

Our study has limitations. It is based on a survey of expert opinion on stroke, but it is from country leaders with large experience in the stroke field, working to improve stroke care, several of them in close contact with the healthcare managers and governments. Furthermore, the results were discussed at the Ministerial Meeting together with the Ministry of Health representatives to confirm the findings. In addition, this study is important because it assesses not only the aspects that have improved but also the greatest difficulties in the region that need to be address immediately.

The implementation of evidence-based public policies is essential for the prevention and treatment of stroke and its risk factors. The collective work of governments and professional medical societies is necessary to address the catastrophic effects of stroke. In Latin America, the strength of our regional stroke network allowed us the opportunity to learn from each other and improve our prevention strategies, our data quality, and the development of our stroke centers. We hope that this approach can reduce inequalities in stroke care in the region, decreasing the gaps between public and private systems, rich and poor people, and among low-, middle-, and high-income countries.

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article were made available by the authors, without undue reservation.

SM analyzed the data, prepared the first draft of the manuscript, and reviewed all drafts. TS analyzed data reviewed and edited the first draft and final versions of the manuscript. PL, MB, SA, FG-R, CS, CC-B, TA, GP-R, MM, MAB, AA, CA, NN-E, HA, RC, CC, RM, NM, DLM, OP, GS, LC, AS, ES, AF, DM, IS, AH, JC, FM'A, PA, HB, VN, JD, VU, DA, VF, and RN provided data, reviewed the results, and approved the final version of the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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