Front. Microbiol. Frontiers in Microbiology Front. Microbiol. 1664-302X Frontiers Media S.A. 10.3389/fmicb.2026.1794732 Correction Correction: Granulomatous cellular signatures in nontuberculous and tuberculous mycobacterial infections Doratt Brianna M. 1 † Napier Ethan G. 1 † Boroujeni Mahdi Eskandarian 1 Douglas Sarah 2 Davies Michael H. 3 Bermudez Luiz 4 Spindel Eliot R. 3 McCaffrey Erin F. 2 Messaoudi Ilhem 1 * Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States Spatial Immunology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States Department of Microbiology, College of Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States Correspondence: Ilhem Messaoudi, ilhem.messaoudi@uky.edu

These authors have contributed equally to this work

 09 02 2026 2026 17 1794732 23 01 2026 23 01 2026 26 01 2026 Copyright © 2026 Doratt, Napier, Boroujeni, Douglas, Davies, Bermudez, Spindel, McCaffrey and Messaoudi. 2026 Doratt, Napier, Boroujeni, Douglas, Davies, Bermudez, Spindel, McCaffrey and Messaoudi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. A Correction on Granulomatous cellular signatures in nontuberculous and tuberculous mycobacterial infections by Doratt, B. M., Napier, E. G., Boroujeni, M. E., Douglas, S., Davies, M. H., Bermudez, L., Spindel, E. R., McCaffrey, E. F., and Messaoudi, I. (2026). Front. Microbiol 16:1741883. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1741883 aging lung granuloma macaque mycobacterium visium spatial transcriptomics section-at-acceptance Infectious Agents and Disease

Figures 2–6 are cropped at the bottom precluding the reader from seeing the full content. The full figures appear below.

Immune and structural cells are more inflammatory in the right lung. Bubble plots representing Gene Ontology (GO) terms and violin plots depicting differentially expressed genes (DEG) between the right and left lungs from young animals in (A, B) leukocytes-1, (C, D) macrophages-1, (E, F) ciliated epithelial, (G, H) fibroblasts, or (I, J) smooth muscle cells. For bubble plots, the size of the bubble indicates the number of genes that enriched to that GO term and color indicates the significance compared to aged samples.

Figure showing dot plots and violin plots of gene ontology enrichment and gene expression for Macrophage-1, Macrophage-2, and Lymphoid cell clusters comparing MAH and Mtb conditions. Dot plots (A, C, E) present enriched gene ontology terms with color and size indicating significance and gene count. Violin plots (B, D, F) depict expression of key genes, differentiating those upregulated in MAH or Mtb in each cell type subset.

Granuloma-associated macrophages are engaging in host defense while non-granuloma macrophages enrich to repair and growth processes. (A) Bar plot of the inferred number (on left) and strength (on right) of ligand-receptor pair interactions in the left and right lung tissue of young animals. (B) Scatter plot of incoming and outgoing interaction strength for the indicated cluster. Size of the bubble indicates the number of interactions for the indicated cluster. (C) Heatmap demonstrating the differential number of interactions (on top) and the differential interaction strength (on bottom) of the indicated cell clusters relative to the right versus left lungs. Red and blue colors indicate increased or decreased interactions, respectively, in the right tissue relative to left tissue in the young animals. Bar plot on top indicates the sum of interactions sent by the indicated cluster. Bar plot on side indicates the sum of interactions received by the indicated cluster. (D) Bar plot of the top signaling pathways ranked by relative information flow (aggregate probability of communication) in the left and right lung tissue. Bars predominantly red denote pathways dominant in left lung whereas bars predominantly blue highlight pathways dominant in right lung.

Multipanel figure containing three panels: panel A shows two heatmaps comparing count and differential interaction strength of cellular communication in Mtb versus MAH conditions across cell types with color-coded axes and bar plots; panel B presents a horizontal bar graph of relative information flow for signaling pathways, distinguishing MAH (pink) and Mtb (gray); panel C displays a heatmap summarizing overall differential signaling patterns by pathway and cell type, with a color key indicating upregulation or downregulation.

Macrophages of MAH and Mtb infected lungs originate in the granulomatous center. (A) UMAP of 4,554 spots from granulomatous regions of MAH vs. Mtb infected animals. (B) Bubble plot of key marker genes used to identify cell populations in panel A. The size of the bubble denotes the percent of cells expressing the marker and color denotes the average expression level of the marker. (C) Stacked bar plot of the percent of each cell cluster from the total cells in MAH and Mtb infected animals. (D) Representative image of H&E-stained MAH and Mtb infected lung tissue sections overlayed with cluster identity spots. (E) Trajectory analysis of macrophage subsets 1–3 showing the unique clusters (top) and the pseudo time analysis (bottom). Purple represents the origin, and grey represents the terminal point. (F) Progression plot showing cell density across pseudotime. (G) Differential gene expression heatmap between MAH and Mtb tissue across pseudotime.

Panel A presents two bar charts comparing number of inferred interactions and interaction strength between left and right lung, with right lung showing higher values in both. Panel B features two scatter plots mapping cell types by incoming and outgoing interaction strength, sized by count, separately for left and right lung. Panel C displays two heatmaps showing differential number and strength of interactions among various cell types, with accompanying bar graphs. Panel D shows a horizontal bar chart ranking relative information flow of genes comparing left and right lung, with color indicating the predominant side.

Immune cells in Mtb-infected lungs are hyperinflammatory compared to MAH-infected lungs. Bubble plots representing Gene Ontology (GO) terms and violin plots depicting differentially expressed genes (DEG) between the MAH and Mtb infected lungs from animals in the (A, B) macrophage-1, (C, D) macrophage-2, or (E, F) lymphoid clusters. For bubble plots, the size of the bubble indicates the number of genes that enriched to that GO term and color indicates the significance compared to aged samples.

Multipanel figure displaying gene expression analysis in lung cell types, including leukocytes, macrophages, ciliated epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and smooth muscle cells. Panels A, C, E, G, and I show dot plots indicating enriched biological pathways for each cell type, with color intensity reflecting statistical significance and dot size representing gene counts. Panels B, D, F, H, and J present violin plots of gene expression levels, comparing left and right lung tissues for each cell type, highlighting differentially expressed genes. Plots are labeled with genes names.

The macrophage-3 subset is not signaling in Mtb granulomas. (A) Heatmap demonstrating the differential number of interactions (on left) and the differential interaction strength (on right) of the indicated cell clusters between MAH and Mtb infected lungs. Red and blue colors indicate increased or decreased interactions, respectively, in the MAH granuloma relative to the Mtb granuloma. Bar plot on top indicates the sum of interactions sent by the indicated cluster. Bar plot on side indicates the sum of interactions received by the indicated cluster. (B) Bar plot of signaling pathways ranked by relative information flow (aggregate probability of communication) in the MAH and Mtb granulomas. Bars predominantly pink denote pathways dominant in MAH granuloma whereas bars predominantly grey highlight pathways dominant in Mtb granuloma. (C) Differential heatmap of the indicated signaling pathways relative to the Mtb granuloma. Blue squares indicate lower signaling in the Mtb granuloma compared to the MAH granuloma. Red squares indicate more signaling in the Mtb granuloma.

Panel A shows two UMAP plots of granuloma cell types labeled by color for MAH and Mtb samples. Panel B presents a dot plot of average gene expression across cell type clusters. Panel C shows a stacked bar graph comparing cell type proportions in MAH versus Mtb granulomas. Panel D includes spatial mappings of labeled cell types within MAH and Mtb granulomas. Panel E displays a UMAP plot and a pseudotime trajectory of macrophage clusters. Panel F presents density plots comparing pseudotime distributions for MAH and Mtb with a significant p-value. Panel G shows a heatmap of gene expression across MAH and Mtb samples for selected genes.

The original version of this article has been updated.

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Edited and reviewed by: Octavio Rivero-Lezcano, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León (CHLeon), Spain