AUTHOR=Choi Yong Jun , Nam Ji Eun , Park Chul Hwan , Jung Ji Ye , Lee Eun Hye , Park Hye Jung , Kim Chi Young , Cho Jae Hwa , Byun Min Kwang 

TITLE=Impact of COVID-19 therapeutics on the development of post-infectious lung fibrosis

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Microbiology

VOLUME=Volume 16 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1677734

DOI=10.3389/fmicb.2025.1677734

ISSN=1664-302X

ABSTRACT=BackgroundPost-COVID-19 pulmonary fibrosis (PCPF) is a significant long-term complication in survivors of COVID-19. In this study, we aimed to identify clinical risk factors for PCPF and evaluate the impact of COVID-19–related therapies.MethodsWe retrospectively studied hospitalized adults with confirmed COVID-19 across three hospitals in South Korea from 2020 to 2022. Inclusion required chest computed tomography (CT) imaging both before and after COVID-19 infection. PCPF was defined as fibrotic changes seen on follow-up CT performed at least one month after recovery.ResultsAmong 5,720 hospitalized adults with COVID-19, 688 met the inclusion criteria, and 87 (12.6%) developed PCPF based on follow-up CT. In the multivariate logistic regression, pre-existing renal disease (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.287; 95% confidential interval [CI]: 1.260–8.580; p = 0.014), higher hemoglobin levels (aOR: 1.194; 95% CI: 1.032–1.387; p = 0.018) and elevated CRP (aOR: 1.005; 95% CI: 1.001–1.009; p = 0.022) were independently associated with increased risk of PCPF. Remdesivir use was significantly associated with a reduced risk of PCPF (aOR: 0.359; 95% CI: 0.176–0.734; p = 0.005), whereas baricitinib use was associated with an increased risk (aOR: 5.633; 95% CI: 1.642–19.548; p = 0.006).ConclusionPCPF remains a relevant sequela in COVID-19 survivors. Remdesivir and baricitinib use were associated with a reduced and increased risk of PCPF, respectively. Although adjusted for multiple confounders, residual indication bias of each treatment cannot be completely excluded. Therefore, prospective studies are needed to validate these associations.