Front. Microbiol. Frontiers in Microbiology Front. Microbiol. 1664-302X Frontiers Media S.A. 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1530549 Microbiology Systematic Review Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on gastric cancer risk in patients with intestinal metaplasia or dysplasia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Fu Qiang1† Yu Huidong1† Liu Ming1 Chen Liang1 Chen Weiyang1 Wang Ziyi23* Li Wenya1* 1Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China 2State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China 3Section of Esophageal and Mediastinal Oncology, Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

Edited by: George Grant, Independent Researcher, Aberdeen, United Kingdom

Reviewed by: Oscar Medina-Contreras, Mexico Children’s Hospital, Mexico

Duco Mülder, Erasmus Medical Center, Netherlands

 *Correspondence: Ziyi Wang, doctorthomaswang@aliyun.com Wenya Li, saint5288@hotmail.com

†These authors have contributed equally to this work

 12 03 2025 2025 16 1530549 19 11 2024 18 02 2025 Copyright © 2025 Fu, Yu, Liu, Chen, Chen, Wang and Li. 2025 Fu, Yu, Liu, Chen, Chen, Wang and Li

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 Background

Observational studies suggest that Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer, yet the effect of H. pylori eradication on gastric cancer risk in patients with intestinal metaplasia (IM) or dysplasia remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to summarize the evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating H. pylori eradication on gastric cancer risk in patients with IM or dysplasia to determine the evidence base.

 Methods

PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of science and China National Knowledge Internet database were searched for RCTs published through May 2024 in adults with IM or dysplasia comparing the risk of gastric cancer following H. pylori eradication versus no eradication therapy. Relative risk (RR) with its 95% confidence interval (CI) using random-effects model were employed for the effect estimate. Sensitivity, meta-regression, and subgroup analyses were also calculated.

 Results

Sixteen RCTs involving 15,027 patients with IM or dysplasia met the inclusion criteria. In a pooled analysis, H. pylori eradication resulted in a 45% reduction in RR for gastric cancer risk relative to no eradication (RR: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.46–0.67; p < 0.001). H. pylori eradication significantly reduced the risk of gastric cancer in patients with dysplasia (RR: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.32–0.82; p = 0.005), and IM (RR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.40–0.93; p = 0.022). Further, if the study conducted in countries other than those in Asia, sample size <500, percentage of male <50.0%, follow-up duration <5.0 years, and low study quality, then there was no significant association between H. pylori eradication and a decreased risk of gastric cancer.

 Conclusion

H. pylori eradication is protective against gastric cancer in patients with IM or dysplasia.

 Systematic review registration

INPLASY202530010, https://inplasy.com/.

 Helicobacter pylori gastric cancer intestinal metaplasia dysplasia precursor cancer risk meta-analysis section-at-acceptance Microorganisms in Vertebrate Digestive Systems Introduction

Gastric cancer remains to rank fifth for incidence and fourth for mortality globally (Torre et al., 2015; Ferlay et al., 2010; Ferlay et al., 2013). Asian countries have a higher incidence of gastric cancer compared with Western countries (Torre et al., 2015). Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is known to play an important role in the progression of gastric cancer, especially for intestinal type gastric cancer (Parsonnet et al., 1991; Huang et al., 2003; Maeda et al., 2000; Correa et al., 1990; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1994; Uemura et al., 2001). Patients with superficial gastritis are often seen to progress from atrophy to dysplasia to intestinal-type gastric cancers, and it has been demonstrated that H. pylori infection can cause chronic gastritis, gastric atrophy, dysplasia, and gastric cancer (Correa, 1984; Correa, 1988). However, the use of H. pylori eradication for preventing gastric cancer in patients with intestinal metaplasia (IM) or dysplasia has not consistently been shown to be beneficial, Some studies contend that when the lesion has advanced to the stage of IM or dysplasia, even if H. pylori is eliminated, the cellular and tissue alterations previously triggered by it might be irreversible. Recently, H. pylori eradication was recommended following endoscopic resection for patients with early gastric cancer to prevent the progression to metachronous gastric cancer, but its effect on the residual risk of gastric cancer in patients with IM or dysplasia has not been explored (Asaka et al., 2010; Malfertheiner et al., 2012; Choi et al., 2018). A previous meta-analysis indicated that H. pylori eradication is associated with lower risk of gastric cancer (Fuccio et al., 2009). Another recent meta-analysis has suggested that H. pylori eradication may be an effective means for primary and secondary prevention of gastric cancer (Lee et al., 2016), while a different important meta-analysis based on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) found that patients with IM or dysplasia did not benefit from H. pylori eradication (Chen et al., 2016). The latest meta-analysis indicates that H. pylori can significantly prevent the progression of intestinal metaplasia and improve chronic atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia (Zhu et al., 2023). The contradictory findings from these studies have opened arguments on whether H. pylori eradication could reduce the risk of gastric cancer in patients with a precancerous condition. Additionally, several RCTs were not completed searched and these studies have been excluded. This meta-analysis updates these previous publications and aims to provide more comprehensive results for the effect of treating H. pylori infection for preventing gastric cancer. Further, whether this relationship is differing according study or patients’ characteristics are also evaluated.

 Methods Search strategy and selection criteria

This review was conducted and reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Statement issued in 2009 (Checklist S1) (Moher et al., 2010). The electronic databases of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of science and China National Knowledge Internet database were systematically searched for articles published through May 2024 using [“Helicobacter pylori” OR (“helicobacter” AND “pylori”) OR “helicobacterpylori”) AND (“stomach neoplasms” OR (“stomach” AND “neoplasms”) OR “stomach neoplasms” OR (“gastric” AND “cancer”) OR “gastric cancer”] as core search terms. Additional potential included trials were searched for using the aforementioned terms on: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov, which registers trials that are completed but not yet published. Finally, manual searches of the reference lists of all relevant original and review articles were conducted to identify additional eligible studies.

The literature search was undertaken by 2 authors independently and any inconsistencies were settled by group discussion until a consensus was reached. A study was eligible for inclusion if the following criteria were met: (1) Design: the study should design as RCT; (2) Precursor status: all of the included patients had IM or dysplasia; (3) Intervention: patients either did or did not receive H. pylori eradication; and (4) Outcomes: the incidence of gastric cancer was reported. The exclusion criteria included: (1) patients with other Precursor status; (2) the study with observational design; (3) both intervention and control group received H. pylori eradication; and (4) the incidence of gastric cancer was not available or calculated.

 Data collection and quality assessment

Two reviewers independently extracted all data, with disagreements resolved in consultation with a third investigator. The following items were extracted from the included articles: first author, country, sample size, mean age, Precursor status, percentage male, H. pylori diagnosis, number of gastric cancer cases, intervention, follow-up duration, and study design subscales. The study quality was assessed using the Jadad scale (1), which is based on randomization (1 or 0), concealment of the treatment allocation (1 or 0), blinding (1 or 0), completeness of follow-up (1 or 0), and the use of intention-to-treat analysis (1 or 0). In this meta-analysis, a study with a score of 4 or greater was regarded as high quality (Jadad et al., 1996).

 Statistical analysis

The incidence of gastric cancer was presented as frequencies and percentages. The pooled relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI), as well as the heterogeneity of the included studies, were computed using random-effect (DerSimonian and Laird) models (DerSimonian and Laird, 1986; Ades et al., 2005). Heterogeneity between studies was investigated using the Q statistic, and p < 0.10 were indicative of significant heterogeneity (Deeks et al., 2008; Higgins et al., 2003). Each trial was sequentially excluded to carry out a sensitivity analysis to assess the influence of each single study on the meta-analysis (Tobias, 1999). In addition, to investigate the potential heterogeneity between RCTs, a meta-regression was performed based on publication year, sample size, mean age, percentage male, and follow-up duration (Thompson and Higgins, 2002). Subsequently, subgroup analyses were conducted for gastric cancer studies according to country, publication year, sample size, mean age, percentage male, Precursor status, H. pylori diagnosis, follow-up duration, and study quality. Ratios and p-values between subgroups were calculated using the Chi-square test and meta-regression (Deeks et al., 2001). Publication bias was evaluated using funnel plots and Egger’s (Egger et al., 1997) and Begg’s tests (Begg and Mazumdar, 1994), with p < 0.05 considered to indicate significant publication bias. Two-tailed p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed with STATA 10.0 software (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA).

 Results Literature search

The results of the study-selection process were shown in Figure 1. The primary search produced 575 records. After duplicates were removed, 411 studies were used to identify potentially relevant trials. After scanning titles and abstracts, we excluded 333 irrelevant articles. The remaining 78 full-text articles were reviewed, and 16 RCTs were included in the final meta-analysis, involving a total of 15,027 patients with IM or dysplasia (Wong et al., 2012; Choi et al., 2014; Cho et al., 2013; Correa et al., 2000; Leung et al., 2004; You et al., 2006; Fukase et al., 2008; Wong et al., 2004; Uemura et al., 1997; Saito et al., 2000; Saito et al., 2005; Yan et al., 2022; Choi et al., 2020; Choi et al., 2018; Li et al., 2019). A manual search of the reference lists of these studies did not yield any new eligible studies. The general characteristics of the included studies are presented in Table 1.

Flow diagram of the literature search and trial selection process. A total of 16 studies were incorporated from the 575 retrieved records.

Baseline characteristics of included trials.

Study Country Sample size Mean age (yr) Precursor status Percentage male (%) HP diagnosis Number of GC Intervention Follow-up duration (years)
Correa et al. (2000) Colombia 852 51.1 IM 46.1 HIS 5 Amoxicillin, metronidazole, and bismuth subsalicylate 6
Leung et al. (2004) China 435 NA IM NA RUT and HIS 10 Omeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin 5
You et al. (2006) China 2,258 47.1 IM 50.4 Ser 46 Amoxicillin and omeprazole 9
Fukase et al. (2008) Japan 544 68.5 Dysplasia 76.4 RUT or HIS 33 Lansoprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin 3
Wong et al. (2004) China 1,630 42.2 IM 54 RUT and HIS 18 Omeprazole, amoxicillin, clavulanate potassium, and metronidazole 7.5
Wong et al. (2012) China 513 52.9 IM 46.2 UBT 4 Omeprazole, amoxicillin and clarithromycin 2
Choi et al. (2014) Korea 901 60.4 Dysplasia 67.7 RUT or HIS 27 Omeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin 3
Cho et al. (2013) Korea 169 56 IM 69.2 RUT or HIS 4 Rabeprazole, clarithromycin and amoxicillin 3
Uemura et al. (1997) Japan 132 69 IM 72 Ser 6 Omeprazole and antimicrobial 3
Saito et al. (2000) Japan 64 79.2 Dysplasia 54.7 Ser 4 Omeprazole and antimicrobial 2
Saito et al. (2005) Japan 692 NA Dysplasia NA Ser 5 Omeprazole and antimicrobial 4
Yan et al. (2022) China 1,630 42.2 IM 54 RUT and HIS 56 Omeprazole, amoxicillin, clavulanate potassium, and metronidazole 26.5
Choi et al. (2018) Korea 877 60.6 Dysplasia 67.7 RUT or HIS 54 Omeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin 6
Choi et al. (2020) Korea 1,676 48.8 Dysplasia 49.5 RUT or HIS 33 Lansoprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin 9.2
Choi et al. (2018) Korea 396 59.8 Dysplasia 75.3 RUT or HIS 41 Amoxicillin, clavulanate potassium, and rabeprazole 5.9

GC, gastric cancer; IM, intestinal metaplasia; HP, Helicobacter pylori; HIS, histology; RUT, rapid urease test; Ser, serologic test; UBT, urea breath test.

 Study characteristics

Of the 16 included studies, six were conducted in China (Wong et al., 2012; Leung et al., 2004; You et al., 2006; Wong et al., 2004; Yan et al., 2022; Li et al., 2019), 4 in Japan (Fukase et al., 2008; Uemura et al., 1997; Saito et al., 2000; Saito et al., 2005), 5 in Korea (Choi et al., 2014; Cho et al., 2013; Choi et al., 2018; Choi et al., 2020), and the remaining 1 in Colombia (Correa et al., 2000). The follow-up duration for each trial ranged from 2.0 to 26.5 years, and 64–2,258 patients with IM or dysplasia were included in each trial. The mean age of the patients ranged from 42.2 to 79.2 years, and the percentage male ranged from 46.1 to 76.4%. Eight trials investigated the effect of H. pylori eradication in IM patients (Wong et al., 2012; Cho et al., 2013; Correa et al., 2000; Leung et al., 2004; You et al., 2006; Wong et al., 2004; Uemura et al., 1997; Yan et al., 2022), while the remaining 8 trials investigated patients with dysplasia (Choi et al., 2014; Fukase et al., 2008; Saito et al., 2000; Saito et al., 2005; Choi et al., 2018; Choi et al., 2020; Li et al., 2019). Study quality was evaluated using the Jadad scale (Table 2), and eight studies received a score of 5 (Wong et al., 2012; Cho et al., 2013; Correa et al., 2000; Fukase et al., 2008; Wong et al., 2004; Yan et al., 2022; Choi et al., 2020; Choi et al., 2018), 5 studies had a score of 4 (Choi et al., 2014; Leung et al., 2004; You et al., 2006; Li et al., 2019), 1 study had a score of 3 (Saito et al., 2005), and the remaining 2 studies had a score of 2 (Uemura et al., 1997; Saito et al., 2000).

Quality scores of randomized controlled trials using Jadad scale.

Study Randomization Concealment of the treatment allocation Blinding Completeness of follow-up Intention-to-treat analysis Overall
Correa et al. (2000) 1 1 1 1 1 5
Leung et al. (2004) 1 0 1 1 1 4
You et al. (2006) 1 0 1 1 1 4
Fukase et al. (2008) 1 1 1 1 1 5
Wong et al. (2004) 1 1 1 1 1 5
Wong et al. (2012) 1 1 1 1 1 5
Choi et al. (2014) 1 0 1 1 1 4
Cho et al. (2013) 1 1 1 1 1 5
Uemura et al. (1997) 0 0 0 1 1 2
Saito et al. (2000) 0 0 0 1 1 2
Saito et al. (2005) 1 0 0 1 1 3
Yan et al. (2022) 1 1 1 1 1 5
Choi et al. (2018) 1 0 1 1 1 4
Choi et al. (2020) 1 1 1 1 1 5
Choi et al. (2018) 1 1 1 1 1 5
Li et al. (2019) 1 1 0 1 1 4
<italic>H. pylori</italic> eradication on the risk of gastric cancer

After pooling all included trials, the summary RR indicated that H. pylori eradication significantly reduced the risk of gastric cancer in patients with IM or dysplasia (RR: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.46–0.67; p < 0.001; I2 = 0.0%, p-value for heterogeneity: 0.767; Figure 2). Although no evidence of heterogeneity was observed, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to evaluate the influence of each single trial on the overall analysis. We noted that the conclusion was not affected following sequential exclusion of any study from the pooled analysis (Figure 3).

Effect of H. pylori eradication on the risk of gastric cancer in patients with IM or dysplasia. After pooling all the included trials, the summary RR was employed to assess the impact of H. pylori eradication on the risk of gastric cancer in patients with IM or dysplasia (RR: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.46–0.67; p < 0.001; I2 = 0.0%, p-value for heterogeneity: 0.767).

Sensitivity for the effect of H. pylori eradication on gastric cancer risk. Examine the impact on the overall conclusion following the exclusion of signle studies.

 Meta-regression and subgroup analysis

The meta-regression analysis was conducted according to publication year, sample size, mean age, percentage male, and follow-up duration. We noted that publication year (p = 0.424), sample size (p = 0.764), mean age (p = 0.375), percentage male (p = 0.936), and follow-up duration (p = 0.823) were not significant factors influencing the effect of H. pylori eradication on the risk of gastric cancer in patients with IM or dysplasia (Supplementary material). Subgroup analyses were conducted to evaluate the effect of H. pylori eradication on gastric cancer incidence in specific subgroup (Table 3). Overall, we noted no significant differences in gastric cancer risk between H. pylori eradication and no therapy if the study not conducted in other country, the sample size <500, percentage male <50.0%, follow-up duration <5.0 years, or if the study was of lower quality. H. pylori eradication was found to be associated with a reduced risk of gastric cancer in all other subsets.

Subgroup analysis for gastric cancer risk.

Variable Group Number of trials RR and 95% CI P-value P-value for heterogeneity
Country Asia 15 0.55 (0.45–0.66) <0.001 0.783
Other 1 1.42 (0.24–8.48) 0.698 –
Publication year After 2010 8 0.55 (0.44–0.68) <0.001 0.890
Before 2010 8 0.58 (0.37–0.90) 0.017 0.352
Sample size ≥500 11 0.56 (0.45–0.68) <0.001 0.838
<500 5 0.54 (0.26–1.11) 0.095 0.280
Mean age ≥60.0 5 0.60 (0.42–0.85) 0.004 0.430
<60.0 9 0.53 (0.42–0.67) <0.001 0.583
Percentage male (%) ≥50.0 11 0.55 (0.45–0.67) <0.001 0.717
< 50.0 3 0.86 (0.27–2.70) 0.797 0.169
Precursor status IM 8 0.61 (0.40–0.93) 0.022 0.316
Dysplasia 8 0.54 (0.43–0.67) <0.001 0.934
HP diagnosis HIS, RUT, or UBT 11 0.56 (0.43–0.72) <0.001 0.726
Ser 5 0.55 (0.42–0.73) <0.001 0.434
Follow-up duration (years) ≥5.0 9 0.52 (0.42–0.64) <0.001 0.836
<5.0 7 0.69 (0.47–1.02) 0.063 0.553
Study quality High 13 0.53 (0.43–0.65) <0.001 0.788
Low 3 0.74 (0.44–1.27) 0.280 0.470

RR, risk ratio; IM, intestinal metaplasia; HP, Helicobacter pylori; HIS, histology; RUT, rapid urease test; Ser, serologic test; UBT, urea breath test.

 Publication bias

The funnel plot distributed symmetrically around the pooled effect size, indicating that there was no significant publication bias in the included trials (Figure 4). The Egger’s and Begg’s test results showed no evidence of publication bias for gastric cancer (p-value for Egger: 0.573; p-value for Begg: 0.653).

Funnel plot for the risk of gastric cancer. Publication bias for the outcome was evaluated using a funnel plot constructed from 16 studies.

 Discussion

Although there are numerous literature reports linking H. pylori with cancer, it is still important to integrate and analyze them to clarify definitive evidence of carcinogenesis.

The objective of the present meta-analysis was to determine the effect of H. pylori eradication on the risk of gastric cancer in patients with IM or dysplasia. Sixteen RCTs were identified involving 15,027 patients with IM or dysplasia. The summary results showed that H. pylori eradication was associated with a reduced risk of gastric cancer in these patients. Further, this relationship is differed according to country, sample size, percentage male, follow-up duration, and study quality. This finding will help to better define the risk of developing gastric cancer after H. pylori eradication in patients with IM or dysplasia, and could also help physicians select appropriate patients for H. pylori eradication in high-risk patients or patients already suffering from other conditions.

Eradication has been validated for preventing gastric cancer in patients with H. pylori infection. Fuccio et al. (2009) summarized seven RCTs and found that 1.1% of patients who received H. pylori eradication developed gastric cancer after follow-up, while 1.7% of untreated patients were diagnosed with gastric cancer. They indicated that patients receiving H. pylori eradication had an RR for gastric cancer of 0.65 (95% CI: 0.43–0.98) as compared with the untreated group. Furthermore, Jung et al. (2015) demonstrated that H. pylori eradication was associated with a lower risk of metachronous lesions following endoscopic resection of gastric neoplasms (OR: 0.392; p < 0.001). This treatment effect persisted after adjusted H. pylori eradication. Tan et al. (2015) combined 16 cohort studies and suggested that H. pylori eradication reduced the incidence of gastroesophageal reflux disease by 13%, but this association was not statistically significant. They further indicated that H. pylori eradication should be pursued due to the association of H. pylori infection with higher risks of acute and chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer diseases. Chen et al. (2016) conducted a meta-analysis based on 10 RCTs and found H. pylori treatment has no significant effect on the risk of gastric cancer in patients with intestinal metaplasia or dysplasia. Further, they point out the summary risk for gastric cancer main focused in patients with non-atrophic gastritis, atrophic gastritis. However, several studies focused on patients with other characteristics. Further, whether H. pylori eradication is protective against gastric cancer in patients already diagnosed with IM or dysplasia according to different characteristics remained controversial. As a result, we conducted this updated meta-analysis of RCTs to further clarify the effect that H. pylori eradication has on preventing gastric cancer in patients with IM or dysplasia.

In recent years, several RCTs have evaluated the effect of H. pylori eradication on the risk of gastric cancer in patients with IM or dysplasia. Zhu et al. (2023) included 15 studies and found that compared with the control group, H. pylori eradication could significantly prevent the progression of precancerous lesions of gastric cancer and reverse them. However, there are notable differences between the findings of Zhu et al. (2023) and our study. Zhu et al. (2023) reported that H. pylori eradication significantly inhibited the progression of intestinal metaplasia (RR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.69–0.94, p < 0.01), which is consistent with our results. However, according to Zhu et al. (2023), H. pylori eradication did not demonstrate a significant advantage in preventing atypical hyperplasia (RR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.37–2.00) or improving its progression (RR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.47–1.70). These discrepancies may be attributed to the differing inclusion criteria used in the two studies. Wong et al. (2012) included 1,024 patients with IM and found that celecoxib or H. pylori eradication both had beneficial effects on the regression of advanced gastric lesions, yet had no significant effect on the risk of gastric cancer. Choi et al. (2014) evaluated the effects of H. pylori eradication on the incidence of metachronous carcinoma after endoscopic resection of gastric tumors. They did not find a significant difference between the groups in metachronous gastric carcinoma. Cho et al. (2013) included 190 IM patients and demonstrated that H. pylori eradication could benefit gastric cancer patients due to its association with lower atrophy and IM at 36 months following subtotal gastrectomy, yet, again, the decreased incidence of gastric cancer was not statistically significant. This could be due to the lower-than-expected incidence of gastric cancer, resulting in broad 95% CIs leading to a statistically insignificant difference. Furthermore, the sample size was smaller than expected, and the trials were designed with atrophy and IM lesions as primary end points instead of gastric cancer, which might also account for the lack of statistical difference. Finally, different baseline patient characteristics or differences in treatment strategies might introduce uncontrolled biases and influence the effects of H. pylori eradication on the risk of gastric cancer.

The subgroup analysis indicated that H. pylori eradication significantly reduced the risk of gastric cancer in multiple subsets, yet some subsets saw no effect. First, we noted that H. pylori eradication had no significant effect on gastric cancer if the study was not conducted in Asia (Colombia). This could be a result of the majority of the included trials being conducted in Asia, which has a higher incidence of gastric cancer than Western countries (Torre et al., 2015), possibly resulting from differences in dietary patterns (Bertuccio et al., 2013). This lack of significant difference could also simply result from there being only a single trial included in this subset (Correa et al., 2000). Second, there was no significant difference for the effect of H. pylori eradication on gastric cancer if the sample size was <500. A possible reason for this could be that the incidence of gastric cancer was lower in general for studies with lower sample sizes. Third, the treatment effect of H. pylori eradication is main focused in male patients. The possible reason for this could be male with higher incidence of gastric cancer. Fourth, in the studies where the follow-up duration was <5 years, there was no significant difference in the risk of gastric cancer between patients with H. pylori eradication and those without treatment. This might be attributed to the insufficiently long follow-up period, during which the lesions had not yet advanced to gastric cancer. Finally, when combining lower quality trials, no significant difference was detected for gastric cancer risk between H. pylori-eradicated patients and untreated patients. Although most trials in this lower quality subset reported satisfactory follow-up completeness and use of intention-to-treat analysis, uncontrolled biases may have been introduced in their randomization, concealment of the treatment allocation, and blinding. Therefore, any results based on these lower quality trials should be evaluated critically before making recommendations for patients with IM or dysplasia.

A few advantages of this study should be highlighted: (1) Only RCTs were included for evaluation, which could eliminate potential overestimations of the treatment effect size seen in observational studies; (2) The treatment effect of H. pylori eradication in patients with IM or dysplasia for preventing gastric cancer was quantitatively analyzed based on a large sample size, and thus our findings are potentially more robust than are those of any individual study; and (3) The treatment effect of H. pylori eradication was evaluated according to different characteristics and compared with corresponding subsets, providing relative guides for future studies.

As with many meta-analyses, several limitations should be mentioned. First, a language bias may exist in selecting RCTs published only in English. Secondly, all the included studies were conducted in Asia except for one. If the study was not carried out in Asia (Colombia), the eradication of H. pylori had no significant effect on gastric cancer. Therefore, the results of this study are mainly applicable to research in Asia. Third, different study qualities and sample sizes between the included trials could influence the data and consequently introduce uncontrollable biases. Fourth, the analysis used pooled data, and individual data were not available, restricting us from performing a more detailed relevant analysis and obtaining more comprehensive results. Finally, due to the varying lengths of follow-up periods across different studies, this heterogeneity can significantly influence the reported outcomes. Moreover, differences in follow-up durations are a critical factor contributing to between-study heterogeneity. Therefore, when conducting a meta-analysis, it is essential to consider the disparities in average follow-up times among studies. However, in our study, the included research spans a wide range, with follow-up periods ranging from 2 to 26.5 years. Incorporating the average follow-up time into the analysis would introduce considerable bias due to this variability. Consequently, we did not include the average follow-up time in our calculations. Compared with the study by Hahn et al. (2024), this represents a significant limitation of our study. In future research, we will incorporate the average follow-up time as an inclusion criterion to standardize patient follow-up periods.

In this updated meta-analysis, we note that H. pylori eradication shows a beneficial effect against the progression of gastric cancer when compared with untreated patients. As the goal of gastric cancer prevention is to minimize gastric cancer incidence and enhance quality of life, H. pylori eradication should be recommended for high-risk patients. Additional large-scale trials investigating the primary prevention of gastric cancer in asymptomatic H. pylori infection patients must be further explored.

 Data availability statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.

 Author contributions

QF: Formal analysis, Writing – original draft. HY: Formal analysis, Writing – original draft. ML: Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft. LC: Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft. WC: Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft. ZW: Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. WL: Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing.

 Funding

The author(s) declare that financial support was received for the research and/or publication of this article. This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province (2023-MS-159).

 Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

 Generative AI statement

The author(s) declare that no Gen AI was used in the creation of this manuscript.

 Publisher’s note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

 Supplementary material

The Supplementary material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1530549/full#supplementary-material

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