AUTHOR=Maqbool Mahvish , Sajid Muhammad Sohail , Saqib Muhammad , Anjum Faisal Rasheed , Tayyab Muhammad Haleem , Rizwan Hafiz Muhammad , Rashid Muhammad Imran , Rashid Imaad , Iqbal Asif , Siddique Rao Muhammad , Shamim Asim , Hassan Muhammad Adeel , Atif Farhan Ahmad , Razzaq Abdul , Zeeshan Muhammad , Hussain Kashif , Nisar Rana Hamid Ali , Tanveer Akasha , Younas Sahar , Kamran Kashif , Rahman Sajjad ur 

TITLE=Potential Mechanisms of Transmission of Tick-Borne Viruses at the Virus-Tick Interface

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Microbiology

VOLUME=Volume 13 - 2022

YEAR=2022

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2022.846884

DOI=10.3389/fmicb.2022.846884

ISSN=1664-302X

ABSTRACT=Ticks (Acari; Ixodidae) are the second most important vector for the transmission of pathogens to humans, livestock, and wildlife. Tick-borne viruses (TBVs) belong from two orders (Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales) containing nine families (Bunyaviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Asfarviridae, Orthomyxovirida, Reoviridae, Flaviviridae, Phenuviridae, Nyamiviridae and Nairoviridae). About 38 viral species are being transmitted by less than 10% of the tick species (of the family Ixodidae and Argasidae). Tick-borne viral
diseases have also been classified as an emerging threat to public health and animals. Tick-host interaction plays an important role in the successful transmission of pathogens. Ticks’ salivary glands are the main cellular machinery involved in the update, settlement, and multiplication of the viruses. Further, tick saliva also participates as an augmenting tool during this physiological
process for transmission. Tick saliva is an important key player in the successful transmission of pathogen and contains different antimicrobial proteins e.g. defensin, serine, proteases, and cement protein which are a key player in tick-virus interaction. Besides, some other immunological factors e.g. toll like receptors, scavenger receptors, Janus-kinase (JAK-STAT) pathway, and immunodeficiency pathway (IMD) are involved in tick-virus interaction by helping in virus assembly and increase in transmission.
This review would probably be a maiden attempt to comprehensively elaborate the epidemiological determinants of TBVs with a focus on the intra-vector physiological processes involved in the successful execution of the docking, uptake, settlement, replication, and transmission processes of the arboviruses. This would add up valuable data into the existing bank of knowledge
for the global stakeholder, policymakers, and scientific community