Front. Microbiol.Frontiers in MicrobiologyFront. Microbiol.1664-302XFrontiers Media S.A.10.3389/fmicb.2018.00073MicrobiologyOriginal ResearchHelicobacter pylori Infection Is Not Associated with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study in ChinaFanNengguang1PengLiang2XiaZhenhua3ZhangLijuan3WangYufan1PengYongde1*1Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China2Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Songjiang Center Hospital, Shanghai, China3Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Songjiang Center Hospital, Shanghai, China
Reviewed by: Mario M. D’Elios, University of Florence, Italy; Avi Peretz, Poria Medical Center, Israel; Jennifer McMillan Noto, Vanderbilt University, United States
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Background and Aim:Helicobacter pylori infection has been reported to promote the development of a variety of extra-digestive manifestations, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular and liver diseases. Recently, the association between H. pylori infection and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) was also proposed. However, evidence from different studies was controversial. We therefore performed this study to investigate the relationship between them in a large population of apparently healthy subjects in China.
Methods: A total of 21,456 subjects underwent a healthy checkup program were included. H. pylori infection was detected by 14C urea breath test (14C-UBT) and NAFLD was diagnosed by ultrasonography.
Results: Subjects infected with H. pylori had a more unfavorable metabolic profile, including higher levels of body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, triglycerides (TG) and lower levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), as compared with those without H. pylori infection (all P < 0.05). Moreover, the prevalence rate of NAFLD was significantly increased in subjects with H. pylori infection when compared with those without H. pylori in women (23.6% vs. 21.5%, P < 0.05), but not in men (46.5% vs. 45.5%, P > 0.05). After adjusting for confounding factors including age, sex, BMI, blood pressure and lipid profiles, multivariate logistic analysis revealed that H. pylori infection was not independently associated with the risk of NAFLD in the total population (OR = 0.9, 95% CI = 0.9–1.0, P = 0.097). Also, subgroup analysis (stratified by age, sex, BMI, and diabetes status) showed no independent association between H. pylori infection and NAFLD.
Conclusion: Our data suggests that H. pylori infection is not independently associated with the risk of NAFLD in apparently healthy subjects.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), defined as the presence of hepatic steatosis in the absence of alcohol use and other causes of liver disease, has become one of the most prevalent liver diseases worldwide (Hassan et al., 2014). It represents a spectrum of conditions from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis. A growing body of evidence has linked NAFLD to obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetes and insulin resistance, and it has been considered to be a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome (Fabbrini and Magkos, 2015).
Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative, spiral shaped pathogenic bacterium that colonizes the gastric epithelium in human population. The prevalence of H. pylori infection is about 30% in developed and up to 80% in developing countries. It has been demonstrated that H. pylori causes chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric cancers (Wotherspoon et al., 1991; Wessler et al., 2017). Besides, persistent infection of H. pylori promotes immune cell infiltration and chronic inflammation, which induce the production and diffusion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cause systemic effects. In recent years, H. pylori was reported to be associated with the development of a variety of extra-digestive manifestations, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular and liver diseases (Roubaud Baudron et al., 2013). Since H. pylori does not enter circulation, these extragastric manifestations are probably indirectly mediated by the inflammatory mediators produced by the infected gastric mucosa.
Recently, the relationship between H. pylori infection and NAFLD has also been investigated, while the results were controversial. Dogan et al. (2013) showed that fatty liver was significantly more frequent in H. pylori-positive patients. The severity of the fatty appearance assessed by ultrasonography was also higher in the H. pylori-positive group. Moreover, a cohort study conducted in Japan showed that subjects with H. pylori infection had a higher rate of incident NAFLD that those without H. pylori infection (Kim et al., 2017). In contrast, another study showed no association between H. pylori infection and NAFLD (Okushin et al., 2015). Moreover, H. pylori eradication was not found to affect liver fat content and liver function tests in NAFLD patients (Jamali et al., 2013). These studies had some limitations and further research is warranted to confirm the relationship between H. pylori infection and NAFLD. It also remains to be determined if H. pylori is implicated in the natural course of NAFLD, or if it is merely an incidental finding.
In the present study, we performed a cross-sectional investigation to determine whether H. pylori infection is associated with NAFLD in a large population of apparently healthy individuals in China. Moreover, the relationship between H. pylori and NAFLD was further investigated in subgroups stratified by age, sex, BMI, and diabetes status.
Materials and MethodsSubjects
The study population was recruited from adults who underwent health checkups at Songjiang branch of the Shanghai First People’s Hospital between May 2013 and June 2014. Trained physicians collected detailed information of demography, medical history and drinking status by standard questionnaires. Subjects with an alcohol intake >140 g/week for men and 70 g/week for women, a history of viral hepatitis, auto-immune hepatitis or other forms of chronic liver disease, a history of respiratory, heart failure or renal diseases were excluded from the study. Finally, a total of 28,171 subjects were included in analysis. Characteristics of the study subjects were summarized in Table 1. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Shanghai First People’s Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine. All participants were verbally informed about the study. Written informed consent was not required for this study because of observational nature of the study.
Clinical and biochemical characteristics of the study subjects.
Variables
ALL
H. pylori negative
H. pylori positive
P
N
28,171
17,323
10,848
Sex (M/F)
14,389/13,782
8,537/8,786
5,852/4,996
<0.001
Age (years)
48.3 ± 15.0
48.2 ± 15.1
48.3 ± 14.9
0.581
BMI (kg/m2)
23.7 ± 3.2
23.5 ± 3.2
23.9 ± 3.3
<0.001
SBP (mmHg)
126.9 ± 19.6
126.4 ± 19.4
127.6 ± 20.0
<0.001
DBP (mmHg)
73.8 ± 11.2
73.4 ± 11.1
74.4 ± 11.5
<0.001
FPG (mM)
5.3 ± 1.0
5.4 ± 1.0
5.3 ± 1.0
0.788
HbA1c (%)
5.7 ± 1.1
5.7 ± 1.1
5.7 ± 1.0
0.304
TG (mM)
1.5 ± 1.2
1.4 ± 1.2
1.5 ± 1.2
0.032
TC (mM)
4.8 ± 0.9
4.8 ± 0.9
4.8 ± 0.9
0.052
LDL-C (mM)
2.9 ± 0.8
2.9 ± 0.8
3.0 ± 0.8
<0.001
HDL-C (mM)
1.5 ± 0.4
1.5 ± 0.4
1.4 ± 0.4
<0.001
UA (μM)
320.7 ± 86.8
318.8 ± 86.5
323.8 ± 87.2
<0.001
Scr (μM)
70.6 ± 20.9
70.1 ± 20.5
71.3 ± 21.5
<0.001
ALT (IU/L)
17 (12–24)
16 (12–23)
17 (12–24)
<0.001
AST (IU/L)
19 (16–23)
19 (16–22)
19 (16–23)
0.113
Subjects were divided into two groups according to H. pylori infection status. Continuous variables were presented as means ± SD or median (interquartile range) Differences between two groups were tested by student’s oxt-test for continuous variables and x2 test for categorical variables. BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic and diastolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TG, triglycerides, TC, total cholesterol, LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; Scr, serum creatinine; UA, uric acid.Anthropometric and Biochemical Measurements
All subjects were assessed after overnight fasting for at least 10 h. Body weight, height, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP) were measured by an experienced physician. BMI was calculated as body weight in kilograms divided by body height squared in meters.
Blood samples were collected from the cubital vein by one experienced nurse. Fasting serum triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), serum creatinine (Scr), and uric acid (UA) were measured using an autoanalyzer (Beckman, Palo Alto, CA, United States). Blood glucose was measured with glucose oxidase method. HbA1c was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (ARKRAY, Kyoto, Japan).
<italic>Helicobacter pylori</italic> Infection Test
The diagnosis of H. pylori infection was based on the results of fasting 14C urea breath test (14C-UBT), which is one of the most important and reliable non-invasive approaches for detection of H. pylori infection. Subjects fasted for overnight were first given a tablet of urea labeled with an uncommon isotope of radioactive carbon-14. After 30 min, breath samples were collected and the amount of isotope labeled carbon dioxide was measured in exhaled breath by scintillation. A positive result indicated the existence of H. pylori.
Diagnosis of NAFLD
The diagnosis of NAFLD was based on the results of abdominal ultrasonography using a high-resolution B-mode tomographic ultrasound system with a 3.5-MHz probe (Toshiba, Tokyo, Japan). According to Diagnostic Criteria of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by the Chinese Society of Hepatology in 2010, hepatic steatosis was defined by the presence of at least two of three of the following abnormal findings: diffuse hyperechogenicity of the liver relative to the kidneys; attenuation of the ultrasound beam; poor visualization of intrahepatic architectural details. Alcohol consumption, viral, or autoimmune liver disease were determined by questionnaire survey and was excluded before NAFLD diagnosis.
Statistical Analysis
All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 13.0 (Chicago, IL, United States). Continuous variables were presented as means ± SD or median (interquartile range), and categorical variables were displayed as percentages (%). Non-normally distributed data were logarithmically transformed before analysis. Differences between two groups were tested by student’s t-test for continuous variables and x2 test for categorical variables. Logistic regression was also used to evaluate the association between H. pylori infection and NAFLD. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
ResultClinical Characteristics of the Study Population
Among the 28,171 enrolled individuals, 13,782 were women and 14,389 were men, and the mean (±SD) age was 48.3 ± 15.0 years. The overall prevalence rate of NAFLD was 34.3%. In comparison with women, men had a significantly higher prevalence of NAFLD (45.9% vs. 22.2%, P < 0.05).
In all subjects, 10,848 were infected with H. pylori (38.5%). Clinical and biochemical characteristics of the participants stratified by H. pylori infection status were summarized in Table 1. Subjects infected with H. pylori were more likely to be male, and had higher levels of body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure. In addition, more unfavorable lipid profiles were observed in the H. pylori infected group, including higher triglycerides (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels as compared with those without H. pylori infection., Moreover, serum uric acid (UA), serum creatinine (Scr) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), which represent the impairment of kidney or liver, were all elevated. In contrast, no significant difference was found in age, fasting blood glucose (FBG) and HbA1c between the two groups (Table 1), which suggests no impact of H. pylori infection on blood glucose.
Prevalence of NAFLD According to the Infection of <italic>H. pylori</italic>
Figure 1 showed the prevalence of NAFLD according to H. pylori infection status. Those infected with H. pylori had a modest, but statistically significantly, higher prevalence of NAFLD when compared with the uninfected controls (36.0% vs. 33.3%, P < 0.05, Figure 1A). Further analyses stratified by sex showed that NAFLD prevalence in H. pylori infected participants were higher than those without H. pylori in women (23.6% vs. 21.5%, P < 0.05, Figure 1B). In contrast, no significant difference in the prevalence of NAFLD was observed between the two groups in men (46.5% vs. 45.5%, P > 0.05, Figure 1C).
Prevalence of NAFLD according to infection of H. pylori. (A) Prevalence of NAFLD in all subjects. (B) Prevalence of NAFLD in female. (C) Prevalence of NAFLD in male. ∗P < 0.05.
Association between <italic>H. pylori</italic> Infection and NAFLD
Logistic regression analysis was further performed to determine the independent association between H. pylori infection and risk of NAFLD. As shown in Table 2, H. pylori infection was associated with higher risk of NAFLD in univariate analysis (OR = 1.1, 95% CI = 1.1–1.2, P < 0.001, model 1). After adjustment for age and sex (model 2), the OR for NAFLD remained significant (OR = 1.1, 95% CI = 1.0–1.1, P < 0.004). However, when further adjusting for BMI, SBP and DBP (model 3), and plus FPG, HbA1c, TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, and Scr (model 4), H. pylori infection was no longer associated with the risk of NAFLD (OR = 0.9, 95% CI = 0.9–1.0, P = 0.097) (Table 2).
The risk of NAFLD according to the infection of H. pylori.
N
OR
95% CI
P
Model 1
28,171
1.1
1.1–1.2
<0.001
Model 2
28,155
1.1
1.0–1.1
0.004
Model 3
26,521
0.9
0.9–1.0
0.097
Model 4
25,932
1.0
0.7–1.3
0.753
Data are odds ratios (95% CI). Participants without H. pylori infection are defined as 0 and those with H. pylori infection as 1. N, number of subjects. Model 1 is unadjusted. Model 2 is adjusted for age, sex. Model 3 is further adjusted for BMI, SBP, and DBP. Model 4 is further adjusted for FPG, HbA1c, TG, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, UA, and Scr.
Next, subgroup analyses were also performed. As shown in Figure 2, regardless of stratification by age, sex, BMI and diabetes status, no significant association between H. pylori and NAFLD was observed after adjusting for confounding factors.
Subgroup analyses of the association between H. pylori and NAFLD. All 28,171 subjects were stratified by age, sex, BMI and diabetes status, respectively. Logistic regression analyses were then performed to determine the association between H. pylori and NAFLD after adjusting for confounding factors including age, sex, BMI, blood pressure, lipid profiles, and blood glucose. N, number of subjects.
Discussion
Helicobacter pylori infection has shown to be correlated with NAFLD, but the results from different studies were controversial. In the present study of apparently healthy population, we found that H. pylori infection was related to metabolic risk factors including BMI, blood pressure, TG and HDL. However, no independent association between H. pylori and NAFLD was observed.
In the past few years, a growing body of evidence has shown an association between H. pylori infection and obesity and a more unfavorable metabolic profile (Xu et al., 2014; Baeg et al., 2016). Recently, in a cohort study including 17,028 adults, participants with H. pylori infection were found to have higher blood pressure, BMI, total cholesterol, LDL-C, triglycerides and HOMA-IR, and lower levels of HDL-C than subjects without H. pylori infection (Kim et al., 2017). Consistent to these previous studies, our present study showed significantly higher BMI, blood pressure, TG, LDL-C and UA levels in H. pylori group than the control group. Though the reasons responsible for the association between H. pylori and metabolic abnormalities have yet not been clearly elucidated, inflammation and insulin resistance induced by H. pylori has proposed to be the underlying mechanisms (Li, 2013; Vafaeimanesh et al., 2014). With regard to inflammation, peptidyl prolyl cis, trans-isomerase secreted by H. pylori was found to drive Th17 inflammation in gastric adenocarcinoma (Amedei et al., 2014). Interestingly, Th17 inflammation were found to play a pathogenic role in obesity and related inflammatory diseases. (Chehimi et al., 2017). So, whether Th17 inflammation mediates the association between H. pylori and metabolic abnormalities merits further investigation.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease has been recognized as a manifestation of metabolic syndrome. Recently, several previous studies have reported an association between H. pylori infection and NAFLD. Polyzos et al. (2013) found that H. pylori infection was more frequently observed in NAFLD patients than in healthy controls. Another study of 130 Japanese participants revealed that the prevalence of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis is higher in H. pylori-infected participants than in non-infected participants. More recently, a cohort study showed that H. pylori infection was significantly associated with the development of NAFLD, independent of metabolic and inflammatory risk factors (Kim et al., 2017). However, the link between H. pylori infection and NAFLD is still debated. A recent large-scale cross-sectional study including 13,737 Japanese adults reported that H. pylori infection is not associated with NAFLD (Okushin et al., 2015). Similarly, another cross-sectional study also found that H. pylori infection was not an independent risk factor of NAFLD (Baeg et al., 2016). More importantly, H. pylori eradication did not affect liver fat content, lipid profile, and insulin resistance in dyspeptic NAFLD patients (Jamali et al., 2013), arguing against a role of H. pylori in the development of NAFLD. In the present study, H. pylori infection was positively associated with NAFLD in univariate analysis. However, the association was no longer significant after controlling for BMI and blood pressure, suggesting the possibility that BMI mediate the association between H. pylori and NAFLD. In fact, as mentioned above, H. pylori infection is related to BMI and dyslipidemia, which are risk factors for NAFLD. The inconsistency of these studies may arise from different population enrolled and different diagnosis method of NAFLD. In addition, the methods of detecting H. pylori infection were different among studies. For example, in the cohort study performed by Kim et al. (2017), H. pylori infection status was assessed only with serum IgG to H. pylori measured by ELISA, while the serologic test cannot discriminate accurately between current and past infections. In contrast, in our and some other studies, urease breath test was performed to evaluate H. pylori infection (Baeg et al., 2016). Altogether, the association between H. pylori infection and NAFLD is remained to be determined in future studies, including clinical and basic researches.
Our study did not confirm the association between H. pylori and NAFLD. However, there are several limitations that require consideration. First, our study was cross-sectional, which did not allow to make a cause–effect inference. Second, the best method for an accurate diagnosis of NAFLD is liver biopsies. Ultrasonic examination, which was applied in the present study for diagnosis of NAFLD, is not sensitive enough to detect mild liver steatosis. Moreover, because hepatic ultrasound does not allow precise quantification of the severity of NAFLD, relationship between H. pylori infection and hepatic steatosis severity could not be evaluated. However, this non-invasive method is still widely used in clinical practice and epidemiological studies and is accepted for its sensitivity and specificity in detecting hepatic steatosis.
Conclusion
The present study showed no independent association between H. pylori infection and NAFLD. More clinical and basic studies are required to further determine the relationship between them.
Author Contributions
NF and YP conceived and designed the study. LP, ZX, and LZ collected the data. NF and YW analyzed the data. NF wrote the paper. All authors read and approved the manuscript.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Funding. This work was supported by grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81400785).
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