Front. Microbiol.Frontiers in MicrobiologyFront. Microbiol.1664-302XFrontiers Media S.A.10.3389/fmicb.2017.02138MicrobiologyOriginal ResearchThe Bacillus subtilis Conjugative Plasmid pLS20 Encodes Two Ribbon-Helix-Helix Type Auxiliary Relaxosome Proteins That Are Essential for ConjugationMiguel-ArribasAndrés1‡HaoJian-An12‡Luque-OrtegaJuan R.3‡RamachandranGayetri1†Val-CalvoJorge1Gago-CórdobaCésar1González-ÁlvarezDaniel1AbiaDavid1AlfonsoCarlos3WuLing J.4MeijerWilfried J. J.1*1Department of Virology and Microbiology, Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), Instituto de Biología Molecular “Eladio Viñuela” (CSIC), Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain2The Institute of Seawater Desalination and Multipurpose Utilization (SOA), Tianjin, China3Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain4Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
Edited by: Manuel Espinosa, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Spain
Reviewed by: Christopher Morton Thomas, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom; Elisabeth Grohmann, Beuth University of Applied Sciences, Germany; Fabián Lorenzo, Universidad de La Laguna, Spain
*Correspondence: Wilfried J. J. Meijer, wmeijer@cbm.csic.es
†Present address: Gayetri Ramachandran, Synthetic Biology (G-5), Institute Pasteur, Paris, France
‡These authors have contributed equally to this work.
This article was submitted to Evolutionary and Genomic Microbiology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Microbiology
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Bacterial conjugation is the process by which a conjugative element (CE) is transferred horizontally from a donor to a recipient cell via a connecting pore. One of the first steps in the conjugation process is the formation of a nucleoprotein complex at the origin of transfer (oriT), where one of the components of the nucleoprotein complex, the relaxase, introduces a site- and strand specific nick to initiate the transfer of a single DNA strand into the recipient cell. In most cases, the nucleoprotein complex involves, besides the relaxase, one or more additional proteins, named auxiliary proteins, which are encoded by the CE and/or the host. The conjugative plasmid pLS20 replicates in the Gram-positive Firmicute bacterium Bacillus subtilis. We have recently identified the relaxase gene and the oriT of pLS20, which are separated by a region of almost 1 kb. Here we show that this region contains two auxiliary genes that we name aux1LS20 and aux2LS20, and which we show are essential for conjugation. Both Aux1LS20 and Aux2LS20 are predicted to contain a Ribbon-Helix-Helix DNA binding motif near their N-terminus. Analyses of the purified proteins show that Aux1LS20 and Aux2LS20 form tetramers and hexamers in solution, respectively, and that they both bind preferentially to oriTLS20, although with different characteristics and specificities. In silico analyses revealed that genes encoding homologs of Aux1LS20 and/or Aux2LS20 are located upstream of almost 400 relaxase genes of the RelLS20 family (MOBL) of relaxases. Thus, Aux1LS20 and Aux2LS20 of pLS20 constitute the founding member of the first two families of auxiliary proteins described for CEs of Gram-positive origin.
conjugationrelaxosomeauxiliary proteinDNA binding proteinRibbon-Helix-Helixantibiotic resistanceFirmicuteshorizontal gene transferBIO2013-41489-PBIO2016-77883-C2-1WT098374AIABFU2014-52070-C2-2Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad10.13039/501100003329Wellcome Trust10.13039/100004440Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad10.13039/501100003329Introduction
Bacteria exchange genetic material at gross scale, even between distantly related species, via different routes collectively called horizontal gene transfer (HGT) (for review see, Ochman et al., 2000; Frost et al., 2005; Thomas and Nielsen, 2005; Boto, 2010). Horizontal exchange of DNA provides bacteria instantly with a new set of gene(s) and hence is an important driver for the rapid adaptation and evolution of bacteria. Among the genes that are spread by HGT are those responsible for antibiotic resistance (AR), which poses a serious and increasingly worrisome economic and health problem at a global scale. Three main mechanisms are responsible for HGT: transformation through natural competence, transduction via bacterial phage, and conjugation (Ochman et al., 2000; Frost et al., 2005; Thomas and Nielsen, 2005). Of these, conjugation appears to be the route that is predominantly responsible for spreading AR genes (Mazel and Davies, 1999; Waters, 1999; Norman et al., 2009; Davies and Davies, 2010). Conjugation is the process by which a conjugative element (CE) is transferred from a donor cell to a recipient cell through a dedicated transportation pore connecting both cells. CEs contain all the genes required for processing the DNA, establishing contact with the recipient cell, those encoding the structural proteins of the connecting pore as well as those for transporting the DNA. CEs can be integrated in a bacterial chromosome or be present on plasmids, which are named integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) and conjugative plasmids, respectively. Due to the enormous numbers and density of microbes and the constant replenishment of bacteria upon the intake of food and liquids, the intestinal gut of humans and animals is a niche that is particularly apt for emerging, pooling, and spreading AR (Sommer et al., 2009, 2010; Forsberg et al., 2012; Penders et al., 2013).
Conjugative elements are commonly present in Gram-positive (G+) and Gram-negative (G-) bacteria and the basic concepts of the transfer process are conserved (Alvarez-Martinez and Christie, 2009; De la Cruz et al., 2010; Smillie et al., 2010; Goessweiner-Mohr et al., 2013). However, whereas in most systems conjugation involves the transfer of a single DNA strand (see below), DNA is transferred in its double-stranded form during conjugation in G+ mycelial Streptomyces bacteria (Goessweiner-Mohr et al., 2013; Thoma and Muth, 2016), which is not further considered here. Conjugation starts with a process named mating pair formation (Mpf) in which a donor cell recognizes and interacts with a suitable recipient cell. Probably, this triggers the signal for processing the DNA of the CE and subsequent transfer of one of its strands, named T-strand, into the recipient cell. The sophisticated, multi-component pore connecting the donor and the recipient cell is named transferosome, which is a type IV secretion system (T4SS). The enzyme responsible for initiating the generation of the T-strand is a relaxase, a phosphodiesterase, that cleaves the DNA in a strand- and site-specific manner at a specific position called the nic site, which is located within the origin of transfer region (oriT). Relaxase-mediated cleavage generates a hydroxyl group at 3′ end of the nic site which functions as a primer for DNA elongation; i.e., the relaxase initiates a rolling-circle type of DNA replication (also named DNA transfer replication [Dtr]). Upon nicking, the relaxase remains covalently attached to the 5′-end of the nicked T-strand which is then transferred, together with the attached T-strand, into the recipient cell. In most cases the active site residue that becomes covalently attached to the T-strand concerns a tyrosine. However, very recently it has been shown that relaxases of the MOBV family employ a histidine instead of a tyrosine residue to nick the DNA (Pluta et al., 2017). Due to its crucial role in conjugation, relaxases have attained considerable attention and several of them have been characterized in detail at the biochemical, functional and structural levels. In some cases, for instance ICEBs1 of Bacillus subtilis and the broad host range conjugative plasmid pIP501, the relaxase is the only protein that is required for processing the DNA (Kopec et al., 2005; Lee and Grossman, 2007; Grohmann et al., 2016). However, in the majority of cases additional protein(s), encoded either by the CE or the host, bind to the oriT and are involved in processing of the DNA. The nucleoprotein complex at oriT formed by the relaxase and additional proteins is called the relaxosome, and the additional proteins are named auxiliary or accessory proteins. Although their name may suggest that they play secondary role(s) in the processing reaction, most if not all of the auxiliary proteins studied so far have been shown to be essential for conjugation.
Most conjugation studies are based on CE present in G- bacteria, with knowledge on conjugation-related aspects in G+ bacteria lagging far behind. This is especially the case for auxiliary proteins (see Discussion). In our laboratory we study the conjugative plasmid pLS20 which was originally isolated from the Gram+ Firmicute bacterium B. subtilis natto IFO3335 (Tanaka et al., 1977). This strain is used for the fermentation of soybeans to produce “natto,” a popular dish in South Asia, and hence it is conceivable that pLS20 or relatives play a role in the conjugation-mediated HGT in the gut of humans and animals. A derivative of pLS20 containing a chloramphenicol-resistance gene, pLS20cat, has been constructed (Itaya et al., 2006) and its sequence has been determined in our lab and in the lab of M. Itaya (Mitsuhiro Itaya, Keio University, Japan). All conjugation genes are located in one large operon spanning genes 28 till 74 according to our nomenclature (Singh et al., 2013). pLS20cat genes 25-27 are involved in regulating the expression of the conjugation genes (Singh et al., 2013; Ramachandran et al., 2014). Recently, we have identified and characterized the relaxase (gene 58) and the oriT of pLS20cat, which we named RelLS20 and oriTLS20, respectively (Ramachandran et al., 2017). Contrary to many other plasmids, the relaxase gene and oriT are located within its large conjugation operon, and RelLS20 turned out to be the founding member of a novel relaxase family containing >800 members.
Here, we addressed the question whether pLS20cat contains auxiliary relaxosome genes. We demonstrate that genes 56 and 57, located in between the relaxase gene relLS20 and oriTLS20 are two auxiliary genes that are essential for conjugation and denominated them as aux1LS20 and aux2LS20, respectively. Both gene products were purified and biochemical analyses showed that one of them formed tetramers and the other hexamers in solution. We also show that the proteins bind to distinct DNA motifs present in oriTLS20. In silico analyses revealed that a large fraction of the relaxase genes coding for the MOBL family of relaxases are preceded by genes encoding homologs of Aux1LS20 and/or Aux2LS20. The findings obtained for Aux1LS20 and Aux2LS20 are placed in perspective with other auxiliary proteins of CE present in G+ and G- organisms.
Materials and MethodsBacterial Strains, Plasmids, Media and Oligonucleotides
Escherichia coli and B. subtilis strains were grown in Luria-Bertani (LB) liquid medium or on 1.5% LB agar plates. When appropriate, media were supplemented with the following antibiotics: ampicillin (100 μg/ml), erythromycin (1 and 150 μg/ml in B. subtilis and E. coli, respectively), chloramphenicol (5 μg/ml), spectinomycin (100 μg/ml), and kanamycin (10 and 30 μg/ml in B. subtilis and E. coli, respectively). B. subtilis strains used were isogenic with B. subtilis strain 168 and are listed in Supplementary Table S1. Plasmids and oligonucleotides used are listed in Supplementary Tables S2, S3, respectively. All oligonucleotides were purchased from Isogen Life Science, Netherlands.
Transformation
Escherichia coli cells were transformed using standard methods (Sambrook et al., 1989). Preparation of competent B. subtilis cells and transformation were carried as described before (Bron et al., 1989). Transformants were selected on LB agar plates with appropriate antibiotics. pLS20cat encodes a protein, RokLS20, that inhibits the development of competence by repressing comK, the key transcriptional activator of competence genes (Singh et al., 2012). Therefore, to manipulate genes on pLS20cat we prepared competent cells of a pLS20cat-harboring strain that contains a chromosomal Pxyl-comK fusion (PKS56) using a standard protocol (Singh et al., 2012).
Construction of Plasmids and Strains
The correctness of sequences of all cloned PCR fragments was confirmed by sequence analysis. Amplification by PCR of pLS20cat regions was performed using as template total DNA isolated from pLS20cat harboring strain PKS11. Details regarding the construction of integration vectors based on plasmids pDR110 (amyE integration vector with IPTG-inducible Pspank promoter) or pAX01 (lacA integration vector with xylose-inducible Pxyl promoter) are given in Supplementary Table S2. In summary, gene 56 was cloned under the control of the Pxyl promoter or the Pspank promoter. In addition, genes 56-57-58, genes 57-58, or gene 58 were cloned behind the Pspank promoter. Plasmid DNA of the constructed pAXO1 and pDR110 derivatives was isolated from E. coli cells and then used to transform competent B. subtilis cells. Double-crossover integration into the chromosome was checked by PCR in the case of the pAXO1-derivatives. When pDR110 derivatives were used to transform competent B. subtilis cells, double cross over integration was tested by the loss of amylase activity. The pLS20cat genes 58 (relLS20), 57 (aux1LS20) and 56 (aux2LS20) were cloned in the E. coli expression vector pET28b+ to generate fusion genes containing a C-terminal his(6) extension. Details regarding these cloning strategies are given in Supplementary Table S2. The resulting derivatives of pET28b+ were constructed using E. coli strain XL1-Blue. Once verified its correctness, the plasmids were transformed into E. coli strain BL21(DE3).
Conjugation Assays
Conjugation was carried out in liquid medium as described previously (Singh et al., 2013). The effect of ectopic expression of a given gene placed under the control of the inducible Pspank and/or Pxyl promoter on conjugation was studied by adding the inducer (1 mM IPTG, 1% xylose) to prewarmed LB medium used to dilute overnight cultures of the donor cells.
Analytical Ultracentrifugation Experiments
Sedimentation velocity (SV), sedimentation equilibrium (SE), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) assays and processing of the data, including estimations of molar masses of the relaxosome proteins from the hydrodynamic measurements, were carried out using the same conditions to those used before in the analysis of RelLS20 (Ramachandran et al., 2017).
Over Expression and Purification of Recombinant Rel<sub>LS20</sub>, Aux1<sub>LS20</sub>, and Aux2<sub>LS20</sub> Containing a C-Terminal His<sub>(6)</sub> Tag
Recombinant versions of RelLS20, Aux1LS20, and Aux2LS20 were expressed and purified using similar protocols. In brief, E. coli BL21(DE3) cells containing plasmid pAND83 (relLS20His(6)), or pHJA56 (aux1LS20His(6)), or pHJA57 (aux2LS20His(6)) were inoculated in fresh LB media complemented with 30 μg/ml kanamicin and grown at 37°C with shaking (200 rpm). At an OD600 of about 0.6, IPTG was added to a final concentration of 1 mM to induce the recombinant protein and growth was continued for 2 h. Next, cells were collected by centrifugation and processed as described before (Singh et al., 2012). The nickel-column purified proteins (>95% pure) were finally dialysed against buffer B (20 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 1 mM EDTA, 500 mM NaCl, 10 mM MgCl2, 7 mM β-mercaptoethanol, 50% v/v glycerol) and stored in aliquots at -80°C. Bradford assay and OD280 determination were used to determine the protein concentrations.
Gel Retardation Assays
Gel retardation assays were essentially carried out as described before (Singh et al., 2012). Thus, different DNA fragments were amplified by PCR using pLS20cat as template. The resulting PCR fragments were purified and 170 ng of DNA [200 or 362 bp] (with or without 220 ng of control DNA [176 bp]) were incubated on ice in binding buffer [20 mM Tris HCl pH 8, 1 mM EDTA, 5 mM MgCl2, 0.5 mM DTT, 100 mM KCl, 10% (v/v) glycerol, 0.05 mg ml-1 BSA] without or with purified Aux1LS20 or Aux2LS20 to a fixed final concentration of 90 nM (Supplementary Figure S3) or using twofold increasing concentrations ranging from 0.09 to 5.76 μM (Figure 3) in a total volume of 16 μl. The negative control, corresponding to bp numbers 63,774–63,950 of accession number NC_015148.1, has an AT-content that is very similar to the AT content of the oriT fragment (61.4 vs. 61.1%). This DNA corresponds to sequences located inside a gene (gene 24), lowering the possibility that it harbors particular features for recruiting a transcriptional regulator or other DNA binding protein. In addition, it is predicted to lack a static bend. After careful mixing, samples were incubated for 20 min at 30°C, placed back on ice for 10 min, then loaded onto 2% agarose gel in 0.5XTBE. Electrophoresis was carried out in 0.5XTBE at 50 V at 4°C. Finally, the gel was stained with ethidium bromide, destained in 0.5XTBE and photographed with UV illumination.
<italic>In Silico</italic> AnalysesIdentification of Mob<sub>L</sub> Members
RelLS20 was used as a query sequence to execute a psi-blast (version 2.6.1+) search against the NCBI nr protein database (July, 2017), allowing up to 10 rounds of reiteration with an e-value threshold of 1e-15 (Altschul et al., 1997, 2005; Schaffer et al., 2001) producing 1445 hits. The program “USEARCH” (version v10.0.240_i86linux32) was then used to identify and remove redundant sequences showing 100% identity (Edgar, 2010), resulting in 1249 unique hits showing high similarity to RelLS20.
Identification of Putative Auxiliary Proteins
Protein sequences of Aux1LS20 and Aux2LS20 were used as query against the NCBI nr protein database (July 2017) using psi-blast (version 2.6.1+), with an e-value threshold of 1e-6 and 1e-7, respectively, until no new hits were retrieved. The sequence identifiers obtained from psi-blast, were crossed with the sequence identifiers preceding the MOBL family relaxase members, obtained from the nucleotide entries from they were translated.
Prediction of Secondary Structure for Aux1<sub>LS20</sub> and Aux2<sub>LS20</sub> Homologs
Corresponding sequences were submitted to the RaptorX property web server (Wang et al., 2016) and predictions for β-strands and α-helices along the sequences were plotted with “R”1) (R Core Team, 2017).
ResultsIdentification of Putative Relaxosome Genes of pLS20cat by <italic>in Silico</italic> Analysis
Recently, we have shown that pLS20cat gene 58 is essential for conjugation and that it encodes the relaxase, which we named RelLS20 (Ramachandran et al., 2017). In these studies we also identified the nic site of RelLS20 and delineated the functional oriT, named oriTLS20, to a region of 362 bp. Remarkably, oriTLS20 and relLS20 are separated by a region of 865 bp, which has been annotated to contain two relatively small putative genes, designated genes 56 and 57 (Singh et al., 2013, see Figure 1 for a schematic view of this region). Often, but not always, conjugative plasmid-located relaxase genes are accompanied by small auxiliary relaxosome genes that generally are located upstream of the relaxase gene. This prompted us to investigate whether genes 56 and 57 might encode auxiliary relaxosome genes of pLS20cat. In silico analyses of pLS20cat genes 56 and 57 show that, firstly, relLS20 is translationally coupled to the preceding gene 57 [i.e., the stop (TAA) and start codon (ATG) of genes 57 and relLS20, respectively, overlap; see Figure 1], and only a small intergenic region of 183 bp separates gene 57 from its preceding gene 56. Second, gene 56 and 57 are both small genes (79 and 147 codons, respectively). And third, the proteins encoded by these genes are both putative DNA binding proteins predicted to contain a Ribbon-Helix-Helix (RHH) motif in their N-terminal regions. An overview of the secondary structure prediction of both proteins and their homology with CopG, a paradigm of RHH DNA binding protein (Gomis-Ruth et al., 1998; Del Solar et al., 2002), is shown in Supplementary Figure S1. This figure shows that both Aux1LS20 and Aux2LS20 contain several lysine and arginine residues near the end of their predicted helix 1 and beginning of helix 2. The corresponding region in known RHH structures has been shown to be close to the phosphate backbone of the DNA (for example see, Schildbach et al., 1999). In summary, in silico analyses suggested that the two small genes 56 and 57 preceding the relaxase gene relLS20 may encode auxiliary relaxosome proteins.
The pLS20cat relaxosome region. (A) Genetic organization of the pLS20cat genes 55–59. The genes, their sizes and orientation of transcription are indicated with arrows. Genes 55 and 59 are colored gray. Genes 56, 57, and 58 (relLS20) are colored green, orange, and yellow, respectively. The same color code is used in “B,” as well as in Figure 4 (see below). The 362 bp oriTLS20 region is indicated with a blue box labeled oriT. Base pair numbering is given on the top. (B) DNA sequence of genes 56 and 57 and their deduced protein sequences. Stop codons are indicated with an asterisk and likely Ribosomal Binding sites (RBS) are highlighted with a red box. Note that genes 57 and relLS20 are translationally coupled. Only the first 11 codons of the relLS20 gene are given.
pLS20cat Genes <italic>56</italic> and <italic>57</italic> Are Essential for Conjugation
Previously, we engineered a derivative of pLS20cat, pLS20Δ56-58, in which the putative genes 56-57 together with the relaxase gene relLS20 (gene 58) have been deleted, and demonstrated that this plasmid was deficient in conjugation. Conjugation of pLS20Δ56-58 was restored when all three genes (56-58), were ectopically expressed from the IPTG-inducible Pspank promoter at the chromosomal amyE locus, but not in the absence of gene 58, showing that RelLS20 was essential for conjugation (Ramachandran et al., 2017). We used a similar approach to study whether genes 56 and/or 57 were essential for conjugation. Thus, we constructed strain GR153, which harbors pLS20Δ56-58 and also contains relLS20 (gene 58), but not 56 and 57, under the control of the Pspank promoter at the amyE locus. We then employed this strain as donor to determine the conjugation efficiencies using a standard protocol (see Materials and Methods). Strains PKS11, GR149 and GR150 were included as controls. As shown in Table 1, the efficiency of conjugation observed for the wild type plasmid pLS20cat was in the range of 10-3, which is similar to values reported previously under similar conditions (Singh et al., 2013; Ramachandran et al., 2014, 2017). As reported before (Ramachandran et al., 2017), conjugation was observed for pLS20Δ56-58 only when genes 56-58 were expressed from the chromosome (Table 1, strain GR149 and GR150). Importantly, no transconjugants were obtained when strain GR153 (amyE::Pspank-relLS20, pLS20Δ56-58) was used as donor in conjugation experiments, regardless of whether they were grown in the presence or absence of IPTG. These results showed that pLS20cat gene 56 and/or 57 are necessary for conjugation.
pLS20cat genes 56 and 57 are required for conjugation.
Strain
Genotype
Plasmid
Inductor
Conjugation efficiency∗
PKS11
168
pLS20cat
-
7.9 × 10-3
GR149
168
pLS20Δ56-58
-
<10-7
GR150
168, amyE::Pspank 56-58
pLS20Δ56-58
-
<10-7
+
3.2 × 10-3
GR153
168, amyE::Pspank 58
pLS20Δ56-58
-
<10-7
+
<10-7
GR197
168, amyE::Pspank 57-58
pLS20Δ56-58
-
<10-7
+
<10-7
GR200
168, amyE::Pspank 58, lacA::Pxyl-56
pLS20Δ56-58
-
<10-7
+
<10-7
GR225
168, amyE::Pspank 57-58, lacA::Pxyl-56
pLS20Δ56-58
-
<10-7
+
5.8 × 10-4
∗Conjugation efficiencies were calculated as transconjugants/donor, and correspond to the mean value of at least three independent experiments. When indicated, the inducer IPTG was added at a final concentration of 1 mM in the case of strains GR150 and GR197. In the case of GR200 and GR225, the final concentrations of the inducers was 1 mM (IPTG) and 1% (xylose).
We next tested whether only one or both genes were required for conjugation. For this, we constructed the pLS20Δ56-58-harboring strains GR197 and GR200 in which relLS20 together with either gene 57 (strain GR197) or gene 56 (strain GR200) could be induced from the bacterial genome. When used as donor, no transconjugants were obtained for each strain regardless whether they were grown in the absence or presence of the inductor(s) (see Table 1), demonstrating that both genes are essential for conjugation.
In the above conjugation experiments, one or a combination of genes 56, 57, relLS20 was complemented by expressing them from the IPTG-inducible Pspank promoter for all the strains except for strain GR200. In this strain relLS20 is controlled by Pspank at the amyE locus and gene 56 by the xylose-inducible Pxyl promoter at the lacA locus. To rule out the possibility that transconjugants were not obtained for donor strain GR200 because the genes were expressed from different promoters at a different locus, we constructed strain GR225 in which gene 56 was placed under the control of the Pxyl promoter at lacA, and genes 57 and 58 under the control of the Pspank promoter at amyE. Transconjugants were obtained for this strain when cells were grown in the presence of both inducers (Table 1), demonstrating that the gene products expressed from the two different promoters and chromosomal loci were all functional. These results demonstrate therefore that besides relLS20 genes 56 and 57 are also required for conjugation. Taking into account these results, together with the structural organization of these genes with respect to relLS20 and oriTLS20, the in silico analyses presented above, and additional evidence presented below, we conclude that pLS20cat gene 56 and 57 encode auxiliary relaxosome proteins which we name Aux1LS20 and Aux2LS20, respectively.
<italic>In Vitro</italic> Analysis of the Relaxosome Proteins Aux1<sub>LS20</sub> and Aux2<sub>LS20</sub>, and Rel<sub>LS20</sub>Oligomerization State Determined by Analytical Ultracentrifugation and DLS Techniques
To characterize the auxiliary relaxosome proteins in vitro, we purified Aux1LS20 (Mw 10,601 Da) and Aux2LS20 (Mw 18,605 Da) from E. coli, each fused to a His(6) tag at its C-terminus. We first determined the oligomerization state of the proteins, and also investigated putative interactions among them and with RelLS20, using two complementary analytical ultracentrifugation approaches, i.e., SV and SE (Figures 2A–D), together with DLS experiments using the same experimental conditions.
Determination of the oligomerization state of the relaxosome proteins Aux1LS20 and Aux2LS20. Purified proteins in solution at 12 μM were studied by sedimentation velocity (SV) and sedimentation equilibrium (SE). Plots (A,C) are representations of the sedimentation coefficient distribution c(s) profiles obtained by SV and correspond to Aux1LS20 and Aux2LS20, respectively. Concentration gradients obtained by SE assays: (B) Data obtained with Aux1LS20 (empty circles) and best-fit analysis assuming a protein tetramer (black line), dimer (dashed line) and hexamer (dotted line) species model; (D) Data collected with Aux2LS20 (empty circles) and best-fitting assuming a protein hexamer (black line), tetramer (dashed line) and octamer (dotted line) species model. Lower part in the SE plots represents the difference between experimental data and estimated values for the best fit to a single species model (residuals).
Sedimentation profiles obtained by SV assays showed Aux1LS20 as a single species with an experimental sedimentation coefficient of 2.5 S (s20,w = 2.9 S) compatible with a moderately elongated tetrameric form of the protein (f/f0 = 1.5) (Figure 2A). Subsequent analysis of Aux1LS20 gave a D-value of 52.5 ± 0.3 μm2/s. The obtained S- and D-values, once introduced in the Svedberg equation, yielded an apparent molar mass of 46,290 Da. SE data, best-fit analysis to single species model gave an average molecular mass of 42,200 Da ± 300 Da, confirming that Aux1LS20 is a tetramer in solution (Figure 2B).
In the case of Aux2LS20, analysis of the sedimenting boundaries showed a sedimentation profile with a main peak corresponding to 90.0% of the total proteins at 4.4 S (s20,w = 5.1 S), together with a second peak at 3.3 S (s20,w = 3.8 S) encompassing 7% of the sample (Figure 2C). The S-value of the main peak is compatible with the theoretical behavior of a spherical Aux2LS20 tetramer (f/f0 = 1.2), as well as with a moderately elongated hexamer (f/f0 = 1.6). DLS analysis of Aux2LS20 yielded a D of 38.2 ± 1.0 μm2/s, which combined with the obtained S-value of 4.4 in the Svedberg formula resulted in an apparent molar mass of 113,400 Da that is very close to the molecular mass of Aux2LS20 hexamers (111,630 Da). SE experiments were decisive for establishing the oligomerization state of Aux2LS20, as the best fit of the SE data gave an average molecular mass of 111,300 ± 1,200 Da, unequivocally demonstrating that Aux2LS20 forms hexamers in solution (Figure 2D). In summary, the outcome of three complementary experimental approaches showed that Aux1LS20 and Aux2LS20 form tetramer and hexamers in solution, respectively.
Previously, we determined that purified RelLS20 forms monomers in solution (Ramachandran et al., 2017). To study possible interactions between the relaxosome proteins in solution we used combinations of Aux1LS20, Aux2LS20 and RelLS20 and subjected these to SV experiments (Supplementary Figure S2). No additional peaks with increased S-values reflecting new protein hetero-complexes were obtained in any of the combinations tested implying that the relaxosome proteins of pLS20cat do not interact in solution, at least not under the conditions tested.
Aux1<sub>LS20</sub> and Aux2<sub>LS20</sub> Bind Specifically to <italic>oriT<sub>LS20</sub></italic>
Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assays (EMSA) were performed to study the DNA binding properties of Aux1LS20 and Aux2LS20. The results presented in Figure 3 show that both auxiliary proteins bound DNA, and that both bound preferentially to oriTLS20. Nevertheless, there were distinct differences in binding characteristics between the two proteins. The addition of Aux1LS20 resulted in the appearance of only one retarded species of oriTLS20, and even at the highest concentration tested Aux1LS20 did not bind to the negative control DNA (Figure 3, left panel). One retarded oriTLS20 species was also observed for Aux2LS20 at low concentrations. However, higher Aux2LS20 concentrations resulted in the appearance of additional shifted species of oriTLS20. In addition, at higher concentrations Aux2LS20 bound also to the negative control DNA, and at the highest concentration tested a smear of retarded species was observed (Figure 3, right panel). These results show that both proteins bind preferentially to oriTLS20, but Aux1LS20 appears to bind oriTLS20 with a higher specificity than Aux2LS20.
Auxiliary protein Aux1LS20 and Aux2LS20 are DNA binding proteins that preferentially bind to oriTLS20. DNA binding activity of Aux1LS20 and Aux2LS20 was analyzed by EMSA. Each lane contained two DNA fragments; one corresponding to oriTLS20 (OriTLS20, 362 bp, 170 ng), and a control fragment (neg control, 176 bp, 220 ng, corresponding to pLS20 positions 63,774–63,950 of accession number NC_015148.1). –, loaded without protein. Increasing concentrations of Aux1LS20 or Aux2LS20 were prepared using twofold dilution steps, and ranged from 0.09 (lanes “a”) to 5.76 μM (lanes “g”). Positions of unbound control DNA (neg control) and oriTLS20 (oriTLS20) are indicated. The single shifted oriTLS20 species observed for Aux1LS20 is indicated on the left with a blue arrow. The different shifted oriTLS20 species observed for Aux2LS20 are indicated on the right with purple arrows, and the shifted species of the control DNA fragment is indicated with an asterisk.
To delineate further the binding sites of Aux1LS20 and Aux2LS20 we generated thirteen overlapping 200 bp DNA fragments (F21–F33) covering the oriTLS20 region with a sliding window of 25 bp, and used them in EMSA. The results presented in Supplementary Figure S3 show that Aux1LS20 bound to fragments F22-F29, which share the 25 bp sequence 5′-CAAATAAATCTGGTACCACGAAAAA-3′ located in the 5′ half of oriTLS20. This sequence contains the inverted repeat 5′-TGGTACCA-3′, which could be the binding site of Aux1LS20. In the case of Aux2LS20 retarded species of oriTLS20 with strong and weak intensity were observed for fragments F21–F25 and F26–F28, respectively. No shifts were observed for fragments F29–F33 at the protein concentration used. This shows that Aux2LS20 binds the 5′ half region of oriTLS20 upstream of Aux1LS20. The sequence motif 5′-TGTGCAT-3′ is present three times in a directed repeated orientation in the 5′ half of oriTLS20. While fragments F21–F25 each contain the three 5′-TGTGCAT-3′ motifs, fragment F26 contains only two, and the motif is present only once on fragments F27 and F28. This suggests that the motif 5′-TGTGCAT-3′ may be the preferred binding site for Aux2LS20. It is worth mentioning that two of the 5′-TGTGCAT-3′ motifs are embedded within a larger motif (5′-TTTATGTGCATT-3′).
Over 400 Members of the MOB<sub>L</sub> Family of Relaxase Genes Contain Upstream Genes Encoding Homologs of Aux1<sub>LS20</sub> and/or Aux2<sub>LS20</sub>
Previously, we reported that the pLS20cat-encoded RelLS20 constitutes the founding member of a novel, large family of relaxases that we named MOBL, which contained 817 members that were almost exclusively encoded in bacteria belonging to the phylum Firmicutes (Ramachandran et al., 2017). We wanted to know whether other MOBL relaxase genes were also preceded by genes encoding putative homologs of Aux1LS20 and/or Aux2LS20. To study this we first determined the current number of MOBL relaxase genes, applying the same method as that used in our previous study; i.e., we performed a psi-blastp search of the NCBI nr database using RelLS20 as a query. After removing redundant sequences this search now resulted in 1,453 hits that showed high similarity with RelLS20 (threshold value P = 1e-15). Next, the corresponding DNA accession number of each identified MOBL relaxase was retrieved, which was subsequently used to generate a database that contains the accession number of each MOBL member together with that of the protein encoded by the gene located upstream and downstream of the relaxase gene. We then performed the same procedures for Aux1LS20 and Aux2LS20; i.e., we identified proteins sharing a high level of similarity with Aux1LS20 and Aux2LS20 and generated databases that contained these accession numbers together with those of the proteins encoded by the flanking genes. Finally, the three databases were crossed to identify those MOBL members that are preceded by a gene encoding a putative homolog of Aux1LS20 and/or Aux2LS20. This approach revealed 387 MOBL relaxase genes that were preceded by a gene encoding a putative Aux2LS20 homolog; and of these 87 contained an additional Aux1LS20 homolog encoding gene upstream. Without exception, the identified MOBL relaxase genes having upstream gene(s) encoding putative homologs of Aux1LS20 and/or Aux2LS20 are all present in bacteria belonging to the phylum Firmicutes. Although stringent settings were used to identify proteins sharing high similarity with Aux1LS20 or Aux2LS20, this does not automatically imply that the identified proteins will contain a Ribbon-Helix-Helix motif in their N-terminal region, which is a characteristic feature of both Aux1LS20 and Aux2LS20 (see above). We therefore carried out secondary structure prediction for all the putative Aux1LS20 and Aux2LS20 homologs identified (see Materials and Methods). The results of these analyses, which are presented in Supplementary Table S4, show that 86 of the 87 (98.9%), and 384 of the 387 (99.2%) putative homologs of Aux1LS20 and Aux2LS20, respectively, contain a typical Ribbon-Helix-Helix signature in their N-terminal region, and thereby support the view that they are auxiliary proteins of the corresponding relaxase. In summary, these analyses provide compelling evidence that almost 400 MOBL relaxase genes are preceded by a gene encoding an Aux2LS20 homolog, and that in 87 of these cases this putative auxiliary gene is preceded by another auxiliary gene encoding an Aux1LS20 homolog. Consequently, pLS20 encoded Aux1LS20 and Aux2LS20 are the founding members of two families of Ribbon-Helix-Helix type auxiliary proteins that are encoded by Firmicutes bacteria.
Discussion
In this study we have demonstrated that the pLS20cat genes 56 (aux1LS20) and 57 (aux2LS20) encode the auxiliary relaxosome proteins of pLS20cat. Combined with our previously published results (Ramachandran et al., 2017), we have identified the relaxosome module of pLS20cat that includes oriTLS20 and the downstream genes aux1LS20, aux2LS20, and relLS20. This module is embedded within the large conjugation operon of pLS20cat (Singh et al., 2013). In addition, we have provided strong evidence that Aux1LS20 and Aux2LS20 constitute the founding member of corresponding families of Ribbon-Helix-Helix type auxiliary proteins whose genes precede a large fraction of the MOBL type relaxase genes. Thereby, our results provide a better understanding of the relaxosome components present on Gram+ mobile elements in general and particularly those belonging to the phylum Firmicutes.
The results presented here, together with those obtained previously (Ramachandran et al., 2017), show that aux1LS20 and aux2LS20 encode trans-acting proteins that are essential for conjugation. We also showed that Aux1LS20 and Aux2LS20 form tetramers and hexamers in solution, respectively, and we detected no interaction between the three pLS20 relaxosome proteins under the conditions tested. We cannot exclude the possibility that they interact when they form a nucleoprotein complex at oriTLS20. Aux1LS20 bound with high specificity to a region of 25 bp located about 100 bp upstream of the nic site that contains the inverted repeated sequence 5′-TGGTACCA-3′. The preferred binding site of Aux2LS20 resulted to be a 140 bp fragment located at the 5′ half of oriTLS20 and that contains three times the sequence 5′-TGTGCAT-3′. In our previous study (Ramachandran et al., 2017), we showed that a derivative of oriTLS20 that includes the nic site and the binding site for Aux1LS20, but lacks the 5′-located 100 bp containing two of the three 5′-TGTGCAT-3′ motifs was not functional in vivo. The topology of DNA can have a large effect on the binding characteristics of DNA binding proteins and which in turn may affect their function (Gimenes et al., 2008; Fogg et al., 2012). The oriT regions of several conjugative plasmids contain an intrinsic bend that is thought to be important for optimal binding and functionality of the relaxosome proteins (for review see, De la Cruz et al., 2010). We have demonstrated that the oriTLS20 region is also intrinsically bent, and that the bend is located in the 5′ half of oriTLS20 (Ramachandran et al., 2017), which we show here corresponds to the region where Aux1LS20 and Aux2LS20 (preferentially) bind. When we combine the results obtained here and in our previous study a picture emerges that is schematically presented in Figure 4. Aux1LS20 and Aux2LS20 bind to the left half of oriTLS20 that is intrinsically bent and we envisage that the formation of this nucleoprotein complex contributes to optimal functioning of RelLS20. In other systems, auxiliary proteins have been described to stimulate relaxase-mediated nicking at oriT by recruiting the relaxase to oriT, probably by facilitating the relaxase to access the nic site, and/or by acting as molecular wedges to melt double-stranded DNA (reviewed in, Alvarez-Martinez and Christie, 2009). Thus, it is conceivable that the auxiliary proteins of pLS20 fulfill similar function(s).
Schematic model of the nucleoprotein complex formed at oriTLS20. DNA is shown as a red double helix. The tetrameric Aux1LS20 unit, the hexameric Aux2LS20 units and the monomeric RelLS20 are depicted as green, orange, and yellow cartoons, respectively. It is well possible that binding of one or more of the auxiliary proteins to oriTLS20 alters the topology of the DNA. This is not taken into account in this simplified model.
Most of our knowledge on auxiliary proteins is related to those encoded by conjugative plasmids replicating in G- bacteria; in particular, the auxiliary proteins of F and related plasmids have been studied in detail at the functional, biochemical and structural levels (for review see, Alvarez-Martinez and Christie, 2009; De la Cruz et al., 2010; Wong et al., 2012). Upon binding, TraY and TraM of plasmid F bent the DNA and therewith play important roles in organizing the relaxosome complex at oriT and influencing the nicking reaction of the relaxase. In addition, they both play a role in gene expression by regulating the activity of their own promoters. TraM also has a key role in delivering the relaxosome to the conjugative pore by interacting with its cognate T4CP (Wong et al., 2011; Peng et al., 2014). Future studies are needed to determine whether the auxiliary proteins of pLS20 fulfill similar functions to those of F, although it is doubtful that Aux1LS20 and Aux2LS20 play a role in gene regulation due to the different genetic organization. In the case of F, the monocistronic traM gene is located directly downstream of its oriT. TraM is followed by another monocistronic gene, traJ, which in turn is followed by a large multicistronic operon in which traY is the first gene (Zatyka and Thomas, 1998). In the case of pLS20, though, the relaxosome genes are embedded within the large conjugation operon and are under the control of the main conjugation promoter Pc that is located almost 26 kbp upstream of aux1LS20 (Singh et al., 2013; Ramachandran et al., 2014). At present, we cannot fully exclude the possibility that the relaxosome genes of pLS20cat are controlled by an additional promoter that is regulated by Aux1LS20 or Aux2LS20. RNAseq data showed, however, that repression of the main conjugation promoter results in silencing of the relaxosome genes, as well as other genes in the conjugation operon of pLS20cat (Singh et al., 2013).
Far less is known about auxiliary proteins encoded by conjugative plasmids of Gram+ origin. The monomeric Helix-Turn-Helix protein TraN of the Enterococcus faecalis conjugative plasmid pIP501 binds to its oriT region, which suggested that it might be an auxiliary protein of pIP501. However, recent results revealed that traN is not essential for conjugation, and it is now believed that it may be a repressor of conjugation by regulating either the expression of the conjugation operon or activity of the relaxase TraA (Goessweiner-Mohr et al., 2014; Grohmann et al., 2016).
The auxiliary proteins PcfF encoded by the E.nterococcus faecalis plasmid pCF10, and LtrF of Lactococcus lactis plasmid pRS01 share 47% sequence identity. As far as we know, these are the only auxiliary proteins encoded by conjugative plasmids of Gram+ origin that have been studied in some detail (Chen et al., 2007, 2008). The pcfF and ltrF genes are essential for conjugation and purified PcfF and LtrF bind their cognate oriTs. Moreover, evidence supports a model in which PcfF recruits the relaxase PcfG to oriT, and that PcfF, probably in conjunction with the relaxase PcfG, interacts with its cognate T4CP and hence plays an important role in delivering the relaxosome to the conjugative pore.
Several auxiliary proteins of conjugative plasmids of Gram- origin are described to contain a RHH motif. These include, TraY and TraM of F plasmid, TrwA of R388, VirC2 of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, NikA of R64, TraJ of RP4, MobC of RSF1010, MbeC of ColE1, MobC of RA3 (Bowie and Sauer, 1990; Zhang and Meyer, 1997; Moncalian and De la Cruz, 2004; Ragonese et al., 2007; Yoshida et al., 2008; Lu et al., 2009; Varsaki et al., 2009; Godziszewska et al., 2016). For some of them structure-based mutational analyses have demonstrated the importance of the RHH motif in oriT binding as well as relaxase recruitment (Yoshida et al., 2008; Lu et al., 2009). Interestingly, Aux1LS20 and Aux2LS20 are also predicted to contain an RHH DNA-binding domain in their N-terminal region (Supplementary Figure S1). In addition, our in silico analyses predict that the auxiliary PcfF and LtrF proteins of Gram+ E. faecalis pCF10 and L. lactis pRS01 plasmids, respectively, also contain an RHH motif in their N-terminal region (our unpublished results). The presence of a likely RHH motif in Aux1LS20 and Aux2LS20 is therefore in line with the conclusion that they are auxiliary proteins. More importantly, the observation that the auxiliary proteins encoded by plasmids pLS20, pRS01, and pCF10, replicating in Gram+ bacteria, all contain a predicted RHH motif indicates that this is a conserved motif in auxiliary proteins encoded by CEs of both Gram- and Gram+ origin, and suggests that auxiliary proteins share a common ancestor. We have made use of this feature, combined with the genetic organization, to identify putative auxiliary genes located upstream of the MOBL type relaxase genes that encode homologs of Aux1LS20 and Aux2LS20. This strategy resulted in the identification of about 400 and 90 genes encoding homologs of Aux2LS20 and Aux1LS20, respectively; 99.2% (Aux2LS20) and 98.9% (Aux1LS20) of these homologs were predicted to contain a Ribbon-Helix-Helix motif in their N-terminal region. These results reinforce therefore the view that an N-terminal Ribbon-Helix-Helix DNA binding motif is a characteristic feature of auxiliary relaxosome proteins. In addition, these data showed that Aux1LS20 and Aux2LS20 are the founding members of two families of auxiliary proteins whose genes are genetically linked to a MOBL type relaxase gene. In summary, we have demonstrated that pLS20cat genes 56 (aux1LS20) and 57 (aux2LS20) encode the auxiliary proteins of pLS20 that are essential for conjugation, and that they form the founding members of families of auxiliary relaxosome proteins that are encoded in Firmicutes bacteria.
Author Contributions
All authors listed have made substantial, direct experimental and/or intellectual contribution to the work. AM-A, J-AH, GR, CG-C, DG-A, and JV-C generated all plasmids and strains, purified proteins and executed all the experiments except the ultracentrifugation studies, which were performed by JL-O and CA. DA performed in silico analyses contributed to the general design and analyses of the results. LW and WM designed the experimental plan and were principally responsible for analyzing the results and writing the paper. WM supervised AM-A, J-AH, GR, CG-C, DG-A and JV-C.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The handling Editor declared a shared affiliation, though no other collaboration, with several of the authors JL-O and CA.
Funding. Work in the Meijer lab was funded by grants Bio2013-41489-P and BIO2016-77883-C2-1-P of the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of the Spanish Government to WM, which also funded AM-A, CG-C, and JV-C. Part of the economic support of the two aforementioned grants was provided by the “Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI)” and “Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER).” This research was also supported by institutional grants from the “Fundación Ramón Areces” and “Banco de Santander” to the Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”. LW’s work was supported by Wellcome Trust grant WT098374AIA to Jeff Errington. JL-O and CA were supported by grant BFU2014-52070-C2-2-P of the Ministry of Science and Innovation to CA. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. J-AH received a State Scholarship Fund from the China Scholarship Council.
We thank Jose Belio for help with preparing the Figures, and Margarita Salas and Jeff Errington for their support on our work. We also want to acknowledge helpful discussion with other lab members, and particularly want to mention Praveen K. Singh.
Supplementary Material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2017.02138/full#supplementary-material
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