AUTHOR=Saraiva Fernando , Naredo Esperanza 
  
TITLE=The evolving landscape of minimally invasive procedures in musculoskeletal diseases—part I
  
JOURNAL=Frontiers in Medicine
  
VOLUME=Volume 13 - 2026
  
YEAR=2026
  
URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/medicine/articles/10.3389/fmed.2026.1826391
  
DOI=10.3389/fmed.2026.1826391
  
ISSN=2296-858X
  
ABSTRACT=This review aims to cover a wide array of minimally invasive musculoskeletal procedures developed to address several articular and periarticular conditions locally. Besides details related to ultrasound guidance, in part 1, we will review barbotage, botulinum toxin, corticosteroids, dry needling, gene therapy, hyaluronic acid, hydrodissection and mesenchymal stem cells. In part II, we will cover nerve blocks, ozonetherapy, platelet-rich plasma and derivatives, prolotherapy, radiopharmaceuticals, sclerotherapy, thermal ablation and intratissue percutaneous electrolysis. A review of guidelines covering these issues will also be presented.